import AppKit
import Combine
import SwiftUI
import CoreText
import UserNotifications
import GhosttyKit

extension Ghostty {
    /// The NSView implementation for a terminal surface.
    class SurfaceView: OSSurfaceView, Codable, Identifiable {
        // The current title of the surface as defined by the pty. This can be
        // changed with escape codes.
        @Published private(set) var title: String = "" {
            didSet {
                if !title.isEmpty {
                    titleFallbackTimer?.invalidate()
                    titleFallbackTimer = nil
                }
            }
        }

        // The progress report (if any)
        override var progressReport: Action.ProgressReport? {
            didSet {
                // Cancel any existing timer
                progressReportTimer?.invalidate()
                progressReportTimer = nil

                // If we have a new progress report, start a timer to remove it after 15 seconds
                if progressReport != nil {
                    progressReportTimer = Timer.scheduledTimer(withTimeInterval: 15.0, repeats: false) { [weak self] _ in
                        self?.progressReport = nil
                        self?.progressReportTimer = nil
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        // The currently active key sequence. The sequence is not active if this is empty.
        @Published var keySequence: [KeyboardShortcut] = []

        // The current search state. When non-nil, the search overlay should be shown.
        override var searchState: SearchState? {
            didSet {
                if let searchState {
                    // I'm not a Combine expert so if there is a better way to do this I'm
                    // all ears. What we're doing here is grabbing the latest needle. If the
                    // needle is less than 3 chars, we debounce it for a few hundred ms to
                    // avoid kicking off expensive searches.
                    searchNeedleCancellable = searchState.$needle
                        .removeDuplicates()
                        .map { needle -> AnyPublisher<String, Never> in
                            if needle.isEmpty || needle.count >= 3 {
                                return Just(needle).eraseToAnyPublisher()
                            } else {
                                return Just(needle)
                                    .delay(for: .milliseconds(300), scheduler: DispatchQueue.main)
                                    .eraseToAnyPublisher()
                            }
                        }
                        .switchToLatest()
                        .sink { [weak self] needle in
                            guard let surface = self?.surface else { return }
                            let action = "search:\(needle)"
                            ghostty_surface_binding_action(surface, action, UInt(action.lengthOfBytes(using: .utf8)))
                        }
                } else if oldValue != nil {
                    searchNeedleCancellable = nil
                    guard let surface = self.surface else { return }
                    let action = "end_search"
                    ghostty_surface_binding_action(surface, action, UInt(action.lengthOfBytes(using: .utf8)))
                }
            }
        }

        // Cancellable for search state needle changes
        private var searchNeedleCancellable: AnyCancellable?

        // Whether the pointer should be visible or not
        @Published private(set) var pointerStyle: CursorStyle = .horizontalText

        // Whether the mouse is currently over this surface
        @Published private(set) var mouseOverSurface: Bool = false

        // The last known mouse location in the surface's local coordinate space,
        // used by overlays such as the split drag handle reveal region.
        @Published private(set) var mouseLocationInSurface: CGPoint?

        // Whether the cursor is currently visible (not hidden by typing, etc.)
        @Published private(set) var cursorVisible: Bool = true

        /// The configuration derived from the Ghostty config so we don't need to rely on references.
        @Published private(set) var derivedConfig: DerivedConfig

        /// The background color within the color palette of the surface. This is only set if it is
        /// dynamically updated. Otherwise, the background color is the default background color.
        @Published private(set) var backgroundColor: Color?

        /// True when the bell is active. This is set inactive on focus or event.
        @Published private(set) var bell: Bool = false

        // An initial size to request for a window. This will only affect
        // then the view is moved to a new window.
        var initialSize: NSSize?

        // A content size received through sizeDidChange that may in some cases
        // be different from the frame size.
        private var contentSizeBacking: NSSize?
        private var contentSize: NSSize {
            get { return contentSizeBacking ?? frame.size }
            set { contentSizeBacking = newValue }
        }

        // Set whether the surface is currently on a password input or not. This is
        // detected with the set_password_input_cb on the Ghostty state.
        var passwordInput: Bool = false {
            didSet {
                // We need to update our state within the SecureInput manager.
                let input = SecureInput.shared
                let id = ObjectIdentifier(self)
                if passwordInput {
                    input.setScoped(id, focused: focused)
                } else {
                    input.removeScoped(id)
                }
            }
        }

        // Returns true if quit confirmation is required for this surface to
        // exit safely.
        var needsConfirmQuit: Bool {
            guard let surface = self.surface else { return false }
            return ghostty_surface_needs_confirm_quit(surface)
        }

        // Returns true if the process in this surface has exited.
        var processExited: Bool {
            guard let surface = self.surface else { return true }
            return ghostty_surface_process_exited(surface)
        }

        // Returns the inspector instance for this surface, or nil if the
        // surface has been closed or no inspector is active.
        var inspector: Ghostty.Inspector? {
            guard let surface = self.surface else { return nil }
            guard let cInspector = ghostty_surface_inspector(surface) else { return nil }
            return Ghostty.Inspector(cInspector: cInspector)
        }

        // True if the inspector should be visible
        @Published var inspectorVisible: Bool = false {
            didSet {
                if oldValue && !inspectorVisible {
                    guard let surface = self.surface else { return }
                    ghostty_inspector_free(surface)
                }
            }
        }

        /// Returns the data model for this surface.
        ///
        /// Note: eventually, all surface access will be through this, but presently its in a transition
        /// state so we're mixing this with direct surface access.
        private(set) var surfaceModel: Ghostty.Surface?

        /// Returns the underlying C value for the surface. See "note" on surfaceModel.
        override var surface: ghostty_surface_t? {
            surfaceModel?.unsafeCValue
        }
        /// Current scrollbar state, cached here for persistence across rebuilds
        /// of the SwiftUI view hierarchy, for example when changing splits
        var scrollbar: Ghostty.Action.Scrollbar?

        // Notification identifiers associated with this surface
        var notificationIdentifiers: Set<String> = []

        private var markedText: NSMutableAttributedString
        private(set) var focused: Bool = true
        private var prevPressureStage: Int = 0
        private var appearanceObserver: NSKeyValueObservation?

        // This is set to non-null during keyDown to accumulate insertText contents
        private var keyTextAccumulator: [String]?

        // True when we've consumed a left mouse-down only to move focus and
        // should suppress the matching mouse-up from being reported.
        private var suppressNextLeftMouseUp: Bool = false

        // A small delay that is introduced before a title change to avoid flickers
        private var titleChangeTimer: Timer?

        // A timer to fallback to ghost emoji if no title is set within the grace period
        private var titleFallbackTimer: Timer?

        // Timer to remove progress report after 15 seconds
        private var progressReportTimer: Timer?

        // This is the title from the terminal. This is nil if we're currently using
        // the terminal title as the main title property. If the title is set manually
        // by the user, this is set to the prior value (which may be empty, but non-nil).
        private var titleFromTerminal: String?

        // The cached contents of the screen.
        private(set) var cachedScreenContents: CachedValue<String>
        private(set) var cachedVisibleContents: CachedValue<String>

        /// Event monitor (see individual events for why)
        private var eventMonitor: Any?

        // We need to support being a first responder so that we can get input events
        override var acceptsFirstResponder: Bool { return true }

        init(_ app: ghostty_app_t, baseConfig: SurfaceConfiguration? = nil, uuid: UUID? = nil) {
            self.markedText = NSMutableAttributedString()

            // Our initial config always is our application wide config.
            if let appDelegate = NSApplication.shared.delegate as? AppDelegate {
                self.derivedConfig = DerivedConfig(appDelegate.ghostty.config)
            } else {
                self.derivedConfig = DerivedConfig()
            }

            // We need to initialize this so it does something but we want to set
            // it back up later so we can reference `self`. This is a hack we should
            // fix at some point.
            self.cachedScreenContents = .init(duration: .milliseconds(500)) { "" }
            self.cachedVisibleContents = self.cachedScreenContents

            // Initialize with some default frame size. The important thing is that this
            // is non-zero so that our layer bounds are non-zero so that our renderer
            // can do SOMETHING.
            super.init(id: uuid, frame: NSRect(x: 0, y: 0, width: 800, height: 600))

            // Our cache of screen data
            cachedScreenContents = .init(duration: .milliseconds(500)) { [weak self] in
                guard let self else { return "" }
                guard let surface = self.surface else { return "" }
                var text = ghostty_text_s()
                let sel = ghostty_selection_s(
                    top_left: ghostty_point_s(
                        tag: GHOSTTY_POINT_SCREEN,
                        coord: GHOSTTY_POINT_COORD_TOP_LEFT,
                        x: 0,
                        y: 0),
                    bottom_right: ghostty_point_s(
                        tag: GHOSTTY_POINT_SCREEN,
                        coord: GHOSTTY_POINT_COORD_BOTTOM_RIGHT,
                        x: 0,
                        y: 0),
                    rectangle: false)
                guard ghostty_surface_read_text(surface, sel, &text) else { return "" }
                defer { ghostty_surface_free_text(surface, &text) }
                return String(cString: text.text)
            }
            cachedVisibleContents = .init(duration: .milliseconds(500)) { [weak self] in
                guard let self else { return "" }
                guard let surface = self.surface else { return "" }
                var text = ghostty_text_s()
                let sel = ghostty_selection_s(
                    top_left: ghostty_point_s(
                        tag: GHOSTTY_POINT_VIEWPORT,
                        coord: GHOSTTY_POINT_COORD_TOP_LEFT,
                        x: 0,
                        y: 0),
                    bottom_right: ghostty_point_s(
                        tag: GHOSTTY_POINT_VIEWPORT,
                        coord: GHOSTTY_POINT_COORD_BOTTOM_RIGHT,
                        x: 0,
                        y: 0),
                    rectangle: false)
                guard ghostty_surface_read_text(surface, sel, &text) else { return "" }
                defer { ghostty_surface_free_text(surface, &text) }
                return String(cString: text.text)
            }

            // Set a timer to show the ghost emoji after 500ms if no title is set
            titleFallbackTimer = Timer.scheduledTimer(withTimeInterval: 0.5, repeats: false) { [weak self] _ in
                if let self = self, self.title.isEmpty {
                    self.title = "👻"
                }
            }

            // Before we initialize the surface we want to register our notifications
            // so there is no window where we can't receive them.
            let center = NotificationCenter.default
            center.addObserver(
                self,
                selector: #selector(onUpdateRendererHealth),
                name: Ghostty.Notification.didUpdateRendererHealth,
                object: self)
            center.addObserver(
                self,
                selector: #selector(ghosttyDidContinueKeySequence),
                name: Ghostty.Notification.didContinueKeySequence,
                object: self)
            center.addObserver(
                self,
                selector: #selector(ghosttyDidEndKeySequence),
                name: Ghostty.Notification.didEndKeySequence,
                object: self)
            center.addObserver(
                self,
                selector: #selector(ghosttyDidChangeKeyTable),
                name: Ghostty.Notification.didChangeKeyTable,
                object: self)
            center.addObserver(
                self,
                selector: #selector(ghosttyConfigDidChange(_:)),
                name: .ghosttyConfigDidChange,
                object: self)
            center.addObserver(
                self,
                selector: #selector(ghosttyColorDidChange(_:)),
                name: .ghosttyColorDidChange,
                object: self)
            center.addObserver(
                self,
                selector: #selector(ghosttyBellDidRing(_:)),
                name: .ghosttyBellDidRing,
                object: self)
            center.addObserver(
                self,
                selector: #selector(windowDidChangeScreen),
                name: NSWindow.didChangeScreenNotification,
                object: nil)

            // Listen for local events that we need to know of outside of
            // single surface handlers.
            self.eventMonitor = NSEvent.addLocalMonitorForEvents(
                matching: [
                    // We need keyUp because command+key events don't trigger keyUp.
                    .keyUp,

                    // We need leftMouseDown to determine if we should focus ourselves
                    // when the app/window isn't in focus. We do this instead of
                    // "acceptsFirstMouse" because that forces us to also handle the
                    // event and encode the event to the pty which we want to avoid.
                    // (Issue 2595)
                    .leftMouseDown,
                ]
            ) { [weak self] event in self?.localEventHandler(event) }

            // Setup our surface. This will also initialize all the terminal IO.
            let surface_cfg = baseConfig ?? SurfaceConfiguration()
            let surface = surface_cfg.withCValue(view: self) { surface_cfg_c in
                ghostty_surface_new(app, &surface_cfg_c)
            }
            guard let surface = surface else {
                self.error = Ghostty.Error.apiFailed
                return
            }
            self.surfaceModel = Ghostty.Surface(cSurface: surface)

            // Setup our tracking area so we get mouse moved events
            updateTrackingAreas()

            // The UTTypes that can be dragged onto this view.
            registerForDraggedTypes(Array(Self.dropTypes))
        }

        required init?(coder: NSCoder) {
            fatalError("init(coder:) is not supported for this view")
        }

        deinit {
            // Remove all of our notificationcenter subscriptions
            let center = NotificationCenter.default
            center.removeObserver(self)

            // Remove our event monitor
            if let eventMonitor {
                NSEvent.removeMonitor(eventMonitor)
            }

            // Whenever the surface is removed, we need to note that our restorable
            // state is invalid to prevent the surface from being restored.
            invalidateRestorableState()

            trackingAreas.forEach { removeTrackingArea($0) }

            // Remove ourselves from secure input if we have to
            SecureInput.shared.removeScoped(ObjectIdentifier(self))

            // Remove any notifications associated with this surface
            let identifiers = Array(self.notificationIdentifiers)
            UNUserNotificationCenter.current().removeDeliveredNotifications(withIdentifiers: identifiers)

            // Cancel progress report timer
            progressReportTimer?.invalidate()
        }

        override func focusDidChange(_ focused: Bool) {
            guard let surface = self.surface else { return }
            guard self.focused != focused else { return }
            self.focused = focused

            // If we lost our focus then remove the mouse event suppression so
            // our mouse release event leaving the surface can properly be
            // sent to stop things like mouse selection.
            if !focused {
                suppressNextLeftMouseUp = false
            }

            // Notify libghostty
            ghostty_surface_set_focus(surface, focused)

            // Update our secure input state if we are a password input
            if passwordInput {
                SecureInput.shared.setScoped(ObjectIdentifier(self), focused: focused)
            }

            if focused {
                // On macOS 13+ we can store our continuous clock...
                focusInstant = ContinuousClock.now

                // We unset our bell state if we gained focus
                bell = false

                // Remove any notifications for this surface once we gain focus.
                if !notificationIdentifiers.isEmpty {
                    UNUserNotificationCenter.current()
                        .removeDeliveredNotifications(
                            withIdentifiers: Array(notificationIdentifiers))
                    self.notificationIdentifiers = []
                }
            }
        }

        override func sizeDidChange(_ size: CGSize) {
            // Ghostty wants to know the actual framebuffer size... It is very important
            // here that we use "size" and NOT the view frame. If we're in the middle of
            // an animation (i.e. a fullscreen animation), the frame will not yet be updated.
            // The size represents our final size we're going for.
            let scaledSize = self.convertToBacking(size)
            setSurfaceSize(width: UInt32(scaledSize.width), height: UInt32(scaledSize.height))
            // Store this size so we can reuse it when backing properties change
            contentSize = size
        }

        private func setSurfaceSize(width: UInt32, height: UInt32) {
            guard let surface = self.surface else { return }

            // Update our core surface
            ghostty_surface_set_size(surface, width, height)

            // Update our cached size metrics
            let size = ghostty_surface_size(surface)
            DispatchQueue.main.async {
                // DispatchQueue required since this may be called by SwiftUI off
                // the main thread and Published changes need to be on the main
                // thread. This caused a crash on macOS <= 14.
                self.surfaceSize = size
            }
        }

        func setCursorShape(_ shape: ghostty_action_mouse_shape_e) {
            switch shape {
            case GHOSTTY_MOUSE_SHAPE_DEFAULT:
                pointerStyle = .default

            case GHOSTTY_MOUSE_SHAPE_TEXT:
                pointerStyle = .horizontalText

            case GHOSTTY_MOUSE_SHAPE_GRAB:
                pointerStyle = .grabIdle

            case GHOSTTY_MOUSE_SHAPE_GRABBING:
                pointerStyle = .grabActive

            case GHOSTTY_MOUSE_SHAPE_POINTER:
                pointerStyle = .link

            case GHOSTTY_MOUSE_SHAPE_W_RESIZE:
                pointerStyle = .resizeLeft

            case GHOSTTY_MOUSE_SHAPE_E_RESIZE:
                pointerStyle = .resizeRight

            case GHOSTTY_MOUSE_SHAPE_N_RESIZE:
                pointerStyle = .resizeUp

            case GHOSTTY_MOUSE_SHAPE_S_RESIZE:
                pointerStyle = .resizeDown

            case GHOSTTY_MOUSE_SHAPE_NS_RESIZE:
                pointerStyle = .resizeUpDown

            case GHOSTTY_MOUSE_SHAPE_EW_RESIZE:
                pointerStyle = .resizeLeftRight

            case GHOSTTY_MOUSE_SHAPE_VERTICAL_TEXT:
                pointerStyle = .verticalText

            case GHOSTTY_MOUSE_SHAPE_CONTEXT_MENU:
                pointerStyle = .contextMenu

            case GHOSTTY_MOUSE_SHAPE_CROSSHAIR:
                pointerStyle = .crosshair

            case GHOSTTY_MOUSE_SHAPE_NOT_ALLOWED:
                pointerStyle = .operationNotAllowed

            default:
                // We ignore unknown shapes.
                return
            }
        }

        func setCursorVisibility(_ visible: Bool) {
            cursorVisible = visible
            // Technically this action could be called anytime we want to
            // change the mouse visibility but at the time of writing this
            // mouse-hide-while-typing is the only use case so this is the
            // preferred method.
            NSCursor.setHiddenUntilMouseMoves(!visible)
        }

        /// Set the title by prompting the user.
        func promptTitle() {
            // Create an alert dialog
            let alert = NSAlert()
            alert.messageText = "Change Terminal Title"
            alert.informativeText = "Leave blank to restore the default."
            alert.alertStyle = .informational

            // Add a text field to the alert
            let textField = NSTextField(frame: NSRect(x: 0, y: 0, width: 250, height: 24))
            textField.stringValue = title
            alert.accessoryView = textField

            // Add buttons
            alert.addButton(withTitle: "OK")
            alert.addButton(withTitle: "Cancel")

            // Make the text field the first responder so it gets focus
            alert.window.initialFirstResponder = textField

            let completionHandler: (NSApplication.ModalResponse) -> Void = { [weak self] response in
                guard let self else { return }

                // Check if the user clicked "OK"
                guard response == .alertFirstButtonReturn  else { return }

                // Get the input text
                let newTitle = textField.stringValue
                if newTitle.isEmpty {
                    // Empty means that user wants the title to be set automatically
                    // We also need to reload the config for the "title" property to be
                    // used again by this tab.
                    let prevTitle = titleFromTerminal ?? "👻"
                    titleFromTerminal = nil
                    setTitle(prevTitle)
                } else {
                    // Set the title and prevent it from being changed automatically
                    titleFromTerminal = title
                    title = newTitle
                }
            }

            // We prefer to run our alert in a sheet modal if we have a window.
            if let window {
                alert.beginSheetModal(for: window, completionHandler: completionHandler)
            } else {
                // On macOS 26 RC, this codepath results in the "OK" button not being
                // visible. The above codepath should be taken most times but I'm just
                // noting this as something I noticed consistently.
                completionHandler(alert.runModal())
            }
        }

        func setTitle(_ title: String) {
            // This fixes an issue where very quick changes to the title could
            // cause an unpleasant flickering. We set a timer so that we can
            // coalesce rapid changes. The timer is short enough that it still
            // feels "instant".
            titleChangeTimer?.invalidate()
            titleChangeTimer = Timer.scheduledTimer(
                withTimeInterval: 0.075,
                repeats: false
            ) { [weak self] _ in
                // Set the title if it wasn't manually set.
                guard self?.titleFromTerminal == nil else {
                    self?.titleFromTerminal = title
                    return
                }
                self?.title = title
            }
        }

        // MARK: Local Events

        private func localEventHandler(_ event: NSEvent) -> NSEvent? {
            return switch event.type {
            case .keyUp:
                localEventKeyUp(event)

            case .leftMouseDown:
                localEventLeftMouseDown(event)

            default:
                event
            }
        }

        private func localEventLeftMouseDown(_ event: NSEvent) -> NSEvent? {
            let isCommandPaletteVisible = (event.window?.windowController as? BaseTerminalController)?
                .commandPaletteIsShowing == true
            guard !isCommandPaletteVisible else {
                // We don't want to process events that
                // are supposed to be handled by CommandPaletteView
                return event
            }

            // We only want to process events that are on this window.
            guard let window,
                  event.window != nil,
                  window == event.window else { return event }

            // The clicked location in this window should be this view.
            guard
                let location = window.contentView?.convert(event.locationInWindow, from: nil)
            else {
                return event
            }
            // We should use window to perform hitTest here,
            // because there could be some other overlays on top, like search bar
            guard window.contentView?.hitTest(location) == self else { return event }

            // We always assume that we're resetting our mouse suppression
            // unless we see the specific scenario below to set it.
            suppressNextLeftMouseUp = false

            // If we're already the first responder then no focus transfer is
            // happening, so the click should continue as normal.
            guard window.firstResponder !== self else {
                return event
            }

            // If our window/app is already focused, then this click is only
            // being used to transfer split focus. Consume it so it does not
            // get forwarded to the terminal as a mouse click.
            if NSApp.isActive && window.isKeyWindow {
                window.makeFirstResponder(self)
                suppressNextLeftMouseUp = true
                return nil
            }

            // Make ourselves the first responder
            window.makeFirstResponder(self)

            // We have to keep processing the event so that AppKit can properly
            // focus the window and dispatch events. If you return nil here then
            // nobody gets a windowDidBecomeKey event and so on.
            return event
        }

        private func localEventKeyUp(_ event: NSEvent) -> NSEvent? {
            // We only care about events with "command" because all others will
            // trigger the normal responder chain.
            if !event.modifierFlags.contains(.command) { return event }

            // Command keyUp events are never sent to the normal responder chain
            // so we send them here.
            guard focused else { return event }
            self.keyUp(with: event)
            return nil
        }

        // MARK: - Notifications

        @objc private func onUpdateRendererHealth(notification: SwiftUI.Notification) {
            guard let healthAny = notification.userInfo?["health"] else { return }
            guard let health = healthAny as? ghostty_action_renderer_health_e else { return }
            DispatchQueue.main.async { [weak self] in
                self?.healthy = health == GHOSTTY_RENDERER_HEALTH_HEALTHY
            }
        }

        @objc private func ghosttyDidContinueKeySequence(notification: SwiftUI.Notification) {
            guard let keyAny = notification.userInfo?[Ghostty.Notification.KeySequenceKey] else { return }
            guard let key = keyAny as? KeyboardShortcut else { return }
            DispatchQueue.main.async { [weak self] in
                self?.keySequence.append(key)
            }
        }

        @objc private func ghosttyDidEndKeySequence(notification: SwiftUI.Notification) {
            DispatchQueue.main.async { [weak self] in
                self?.keySequence = []
            }
        }

        @objc private func ghosttyDidChangeKeyTable(notification: SwiftUI.Notification) {
            guard let action = notification.userInfo?[Ghostty.Notification.KeyTableKey] as? Ghostty.Action.KeyTable else { return }

            DispatchQueue.main.async { [weak self] in
                guard let self else { return }
                switch action {
                case .activate(let name):
                    self.keyTables.append(name)
                case .deactivate:
                    _ = self.keyTables.popLast()
                case .deactivateAll:
                    self.keyTables.removeAll()
                }
            }
        }

        @objc private func ghosttyConfigDidChange(_ notification: SwiftUI.Notification) {
            // Get our managed configuration object out
            guard let config = notification.userInfo?[
                SwiftUI.Notification.Name.GhosttyConfigChangeKey
            ] as? Ghostty.Config else { return }

            // Update our derived config
            DispatchQueue.main.async { [weak self] in
                self?.derivedConfig = DerivedConfig(config)
            }
        }

        @objc private func ghosttyColorDidChange(_ notification: SwiftUI.Notification) {
            guard let change = notification.userInfo?[
                SwiftUI.Notification.Name.GhosttyColorChangeKey
            ] as? Ghostty.Action.ColorChange else { return }

            switch change.kind {
            case .background:
                DispatchQueue.main.async { [weak self] in
                    self?.backgroundColor = change.color
                }

            default:
                // We don't do anything for the other colors yet.
                break
            }
        }

        @objc private func ghosttyBellDidRing(_ notification: SwiftUI.Notification) {
            // Bell state goes to true
            bell = true
        }

        @objc private func windowDidChangeScreen(notification: SwiftUI.Notification) {
            guard let window = self.window else { return }
            guard let object = notification.object as? NSWindow, window == object else { return }
            guard let screen = window.screen else { return }
            guard let surface = self.surface else { return }

            // When the window changes screens, we need to update libghostty with the screen
            // ID. If vsync is enabled, this will be used with the CVDisplayLink to ensure
            // the proper refresh rate is going.
            ghostty_surface_set_display_id(surface, screen.displayID ?? 0)

            // We also just trigger a backing property change. Just in case the screen has
            // a different scaling factor, this ensures that we update our content scale.
            // Issue: https://github.com/ghostty-org/ghostty/issues/2731
            DispatchQueue.main.async { [weak self] in
                self?.viewDidChangeBackingProperties()
            }
        }

        // MARK: - NSView

        override func becomeFirstResponder() -> Bool {
            let result = super.becomeFirstResponder()
            if result { focusDidChange(true) }
            return result
        }

        override func resignFirstResponder() -> Bool {
            let result = super.resignFirstResponder()

            // We sometimes call this manually (see SplitView) as a way to force us to
            // yield our focus state.
            if result { focusDidChange(false) }

            return result
        }

        override func updateTrackingAreas() {
            // To update our tracking area we just recreate it all.
            trackingAreas.forEach { removeTrackingArea($0) }

            // This tracking area is across the entire frame to notify us of mouse movements.
            addTrackingArea(NSTrackingArea(
                rect: frame,
                options: [
                    .mouseEnteredAndExited,
                    .mouseMoved,

                    // Only send mouse events that happen in our visible (not obscured) rect
                    .inVisibleRect,

                    // We want active always because we want to still send mouse reports
                    // even if we're not focused or key.
                    .activeAlways,
                ],
                owner: self,
                userInfo: nil))
        }

        override func viewDidChangeBackingProperties() {
            super.viewDidChangeBackingProperties()

            // The Core Animation compositing engine uses the layer's contentsScale property
            // to determine whether to scale its contents during compositing. When the window
            // moves between a high DPI display and a low DPI display, or the user modifies
            // the DPI scaling for a display in the system settings, this can result in the
            // layer being scaled inappropriately. Since we handle the adjustment of scale
            // and resolution ourselves below, we update the layer's contentsScale property
            // to match the window's backingScaleFactor, so as to ensure it is not scaled by
            // the compositor.
            //
            // Ref: High Resolution Guidelines for OS X
            // https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/GraphicsAnimation/Conceptual/HighResolutionOSX/CapturingScreenContents/CapturingScreenContents.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40012302-CH10-SW27
            if let window = window {
                CATransaction.begin()
                // Disable the implicit transition animation that Core Animation applies to
                // property changes. Otherwise it will apply a scale animation to the layer
                // contents which looks pretty janky.
                CATransaction.setDisableActions(true)
                layer?.contentsScale = window.backingScaleFactor
                CATransaction.commit()
            }

            guard let surface = self.surface else { return }

            // Detect our X/Y scale factor so we can update our surface
            let fbFrame = self.convertToBacking(self.frame)
            let xScale = fbFrame.size.width / self.frame.size.width
            let yScale = fbFrame.size.height / self.frame.size.height
            ghostty_surface_set_content_scale(surface, xScale, yScale)

            // When our scale factor changes, so does our fb size so we send that too
            let scaledSize = self.convertToBacking(contentSize)
            setSurfaceSize(width: UInt32(scaledSize.width), height: UInt32(scaledSize.height))
        }

        override func mouseDown(with event: NSEvent) {
            guard let surface = self.surface else { return }
            let mods = Ghostty.ghosttyMods(event.modifierFlags)
            ghostty_surface_mouse_button(surface, GHOSTTY_MOUSE_PRESS, GHOSTTY_MOUSE_LEFT, mods)
        }

        override func mouseUp(with event: NSEvent) {
            // If this mouse-up corresponds to a focus-only click transfer,
            // suppress it so we don't emit a release without a press.
            if suppressNextLeftMouseUp {
                suppressNextLeftMouseUp = false
                return
            }

            // Always reset our pressure when the mouse goes up
            prevPressureStage = 0

            // If we have an active surface, report the event
            guard let surface = self.surface else { return }
            let mods = Ghostty.ghosttyMods(event.modifierFlags)
            ghostty_surface_mouse_button(surface, GHOSTTY_MOUSE_RELEASE, GHOSTTY_MOUSE_LEFT, mods)

            // Release pressure
            ghostty_surface_mouse_pressure(surface, 0, 0)
        }

        override func otherMouseDown(with event: NSEvent) {
            guard let surface = self.surface else { return }
            let mods = Ghostty.ghosttyMods(event.modifierFlags)
            let button = Ghostty.Input.MouseButton(fromNSEventButtonNumber: event.buttonNumber)
            ghostty_surface_mouse_button(surface, GHOSTTY_MOUSE_PRESS, button.cMouseButton, mods)
        }

        override func otherMouseUp(with event: NSEvent) {
            guard let surface = self.surface else { return }
            let mods = Ghostty.ghosttyMods(event.modifierFlags)
            let button = Ghostty.Input.MouseButton(fromNSEventButtonNumber: event.buttonNumber)
            ghostty_surface_mouse_button(surface, GHOSTTY_MOUSE_RELEASE, button.cMouseButton, mods)
        }

        override func rightMouseDown(with event: NSEvent) {
            guard let surface = self.surface else { return super.rightMouseDown(with: event) }

            let mods = Ghostty.ghosttyMods(event.modifierFlags)
            if ghostty_surface_mouse_button(
                surface,
                GHOSTTY_MOUSE_PRESS,
                GHOSTTY_MOUSE_RIGHT,
                mods
            ) {
                // Consumed
                return
            }

            // Mouse event not consumed
            super.rightMouseDown(with: event)
        }

        override func rightMouseUp(with event: NSEvent) {
            guard let surface = self.surface else { return super.rightMouseUp(with: event) }

            let mods = Ghostty.ghosttyMods(event.modifierFlags)
            if ghostty_surface_mouse_button(
                surface,
                GHOSTTY_MOUSE_RELEASE,
                GHOSTTY_MOUSE_RIGHT,
                mods
            ) {
                // Handled
                return
            }

            // Mouse event not consumed
            super.rightMouseUp(with: event)
        }

        override func mouseEntered(with event: NSEvent) {
            mouseOverSurface = true
            super.mouseEntered(with: event)

            let pos = self.convert(event.locationInWindow, from: nil)
            mouseLocationInSurface = pos

            guard let surfaceModel else { return }

            // On mouse enter we need to reset our cursor position. This is
            // super important because we set it to -1/-1 on mouseExit and
            // lots of mouse logic (i.e. whether to send mouse reports) depend
            // on the position being in the viewport if it is.
            let mouseEvent = Ghostty.Input.MousePosEvent(
                x: pos.x,
                y: frame.height - pos.y,
                mods: .init(nsFlags: event.modifierFlags)
            )
            surfaceModel.sendMousePos(mouseEvent)
        }

        override func mouseExited(with event: NSEvent) {
            mouseOverSurface = false
            mouseLocationInSurface = nil
            guard let surfaceModel else { return }

            // If the mouse is being dragged then we don't have to emit
            // this because we get mouse drag events even if we've already
            // exited the viewport (i.e. mouseDragged)
            if NSEvent.pressedMouseButtons != 0 {
                return
            }

            // Negative values indicate cursor has left the viewport
            let mouseEvent = Ghostty.Input.MousePosEvent(
                x: -1,
                y: -1,
                mods: .init(nsFlags: event.modifierFlags)
            )
            surfaceModel.sendMousePos(mouseEvent)
        }

        override func mouseMoved(with event: NSEvent) {
            let pos = self.convert(event.locationInWindow, from: nil)
            mouseLocationInSurface = pos

            guard let surfaceModel else { return }

            // Convert window position to view position. Note (0, 0) is bottom left.
            let mouseEvent = Ghostty.Input.MousePosEvent(
                x: pos.x,
                y: frame.height - pos.y,
                mods: .init(nsFlags: event.modifierFlags)
            )
            surfaceModel.sendMousePos(mouseEvent)

            // Handle focus-follows-mouse
            if let window,
               let controller = window.windowController as? BaseTerminalController,
               !controller.commandPaletteIsShowing,
               window.isKeyWindow &&
                    !self.focused &&
                    controller.focusFollowsMouse {
                Ghostty.moveFocus(to: self)
            }
        }

        override func mouseDragged(with event: NSEvent) {
            self.mouseMoved(with: event)
        }

        override func rightMouseDragged(with event: NSEvent) {
            self.mouseMoved(with: event)
        }

        override func otherMouseDragged(with event: NSEvent) {
            self.mouseMoved(with: event)
        }

        override func scrollWheel(with event: NSEvent) {
            guard let surfaceModel else { return }

            var x = event.scrollingDeltaX
            var y = event.scrollingDeltaY
            let precision = event.hasPreciseScrollingDeltas

            if precision {
                // We do a 2x speed multiplier. This is subjective, it "feels" better to me.
                x *= 2
                y *= 2

                // TODO(mitchellh): do we have to scale the x/y here by window scale factor?
            }

            let scrollEvent = Ghostty.Input.MouseScrollEvent(
                x: x,
                y: y,
                mods: .init(precision: precision, momentum: .init(event.momentumPhase))
            )
            surfaceModel.sendMouseScroll(scrollEvent)
        }

        override func pressureChange(with event: NSEvent) {
            guard let surface = self.surface else { return }

            // Notify Ghostty first. We do this because this will let Ghostty handle
            // state setup that we'll need for later pressure handling (such as
            // QuickLook)
            ghostty_surface_mouse_pressure(surface, UInt32(event.stage), Double(event.pressure))

            // Pressure stage 2 is force click. We only want to execute this on the
            // initial transition to stage 2, and not for any repeated events.
            guard self.prevPressureStage < 2 else { return }
            prevPressureStage = event.stage
            guard event.stage == 2 else { return }

            // If the user has force click enabled then we do a quick look. There
            // is no public API for this as far as I can tell.
            guard UserDefaults.ghostty.bool(forKey: "com.apple.trackpad.forceClick") else { return }
            quickLook(with: event)
        }

        override func keyDown(with event: NSEvent) {
            guard let surface = self.surface else {
                self.interpretKeyEvents([event])
                return
            }

            // On any keyDown event we unset our bell state
            bell = false

            // We need to translate the mods (maybe) to handle configs such as option-as-alt
            let translationModsGhostty = Ghostty.eventModifierFlags(
                mods: ghostty_surface_key_translation_mods(
                    surface,
                    Ghostty.ghosttyMods(event.modifierFlags)
                )
            )

            // There are hidden bits set in our event that matter for certain dead keys
            // so we can't use translationModsGhostty directly. Instead, we just check
            // for exact states and set them.
            var translationMods = event.modifierFlags
            for flag in [NSEvent.ModifierFlags.shift, .control, .option, .command] {
                if translationModsGhostty.contains(flag) {
                    translationMods.insert(flag)
                } else {
                    translationMods.remove(flag)
                }
            }

            // If the translation modifiers are not equal to our original modifiers
            // then we need to construct a new NSEvent. If they are equal we reuse the
            // old one. IMPORTANT: we MUST reuse the old event if they're equal because
            // this keeps things like Korean input working. There must be some object
            // equality happening in AppKit somewhere because this is required.
            let translationEvent: NSEvent
            if translationMods == event.modifierFlags {
                translationEvent = event
            } else {
                translationEvent = NSEvent.keyEvent(
                    with: event.type,
                    location: event.locationInWindow,
                    modifierFlags: translationMods,
                    timestamp: event.timestamp,
                    windowNumber: event.windowNumber,
                    context: nil,
                    characters: event.characters(byApplyingModifiers: translationMods) ?? "",
                    charactersIgnoringModifiers: event.charactersIgnoringModifiers ?? "",
                    isARepeat: event.isARepeat,
                    keyCode: event.keyCode
                ) ?? event
            }

            let action = event.isARepeat ? GHOSTTY_ACTION_REPEAT : GHOSTTY_ACTION_PRESS

            // By setting this to non-nil, we note that we're in a keyDown event. From here,
            // we call interpretKeyEvents so that we can handle complex input such as Korean
            // language.
            keyTextAccumulator = []
            defer { keyTextAccumulator = nil }

            // We need to know what the length of marked text was before this event to
            // know if these events cleared it.
            let markedTextBefore = markedText.length > 0

            // We need to know the keyboard layout before below because some keyboard
            // input events will change our keyboard layout and we don't want those
            // going to the terminal.
            let keyboardIdBefore: String? = if !markedTextBefore {
                KeyboardLayout.id
            } else {
                nil
            }

            // If we are in a keyDown then we don't need to redispatch a command-modded
            // key event (see docs for this field) so reset this to nil because
            // `interpretKeyEvents` may dispatch it.
            self.lastPerformKeyEvent = nil

            self.interpretKeyEvents([translationEvent])

            // If our keyboard changed from this we just assume an input method
            // grabbed it and do nothing.
            if !markedTextBefore && keyboardIdBefore != KeyboardLayout.id {
                return
            }

            // If we have marked text, we're in a preedit state. The order we
            // do this and the key event callbacks below doesn't matter since
            // we control the preedit state only through the preedit API.
            syncPreedit(clearIfNeeded: markedTextBefore)

            if let list = keyTextAccumulator, list.count > 0 {
                // If we have text, then we've composed a character, send that down.
                // These never have "composing" set to true because these are the
                // result of a composition.
                for text in list {
                    _ = keyAction(
                        action,
                        event: event,
                        translationEvent: translationEvent,
                        text: text
                    )
                }
            } else {
                // We have no accumulated text so this is a normal key event.
                _ = keyAction(
                    action,
                    event: event,
                    translationEvent: translationEvent,
                    text: translationEvent.ghosttyCharacters,

                    // We're composing if we have preedit (the obvious case). But we're also
                    // composing if we don't have preedit and we had marked text before,
                    // because this input probably just reset the preedit state. It shouldn't
                    // be encoded. Example: Japanese begin composing, the press backspace.
                    // This should only cancel the composing state but not actually delete
                    // the prior input characters (prior to the composing).
                    composing: markedText.length > 0 || markedTextBefore
                )
            }
        }

        override func keyUp(with event: NSEvent) {
            _ = keyAction(GHOSTTY_ACTION_RELEASE, event: event)
        }

        /// Records the timestamp of the last event to performKeyEquivalent that we need to save.
        /// We currently save all commands with command or control set.
        ///
        /// For command+key inputs, the AppKit input stack calls performKeyEquivalent to give us a chance
        /// to handle them first. If we return "false" then it goes through the standard AppKit responder chain.
        /// For an NSTextInputClient, that may redirect some commands _before_ our keyDown gets called.
        /// Concretely: Command+Period will do: performKeyEquivalent, doCommand ("cancel:"). In doCommand,
        /// we need to know that we actually want to handle that in keyDown, so we send it back through the
        /// event dispatch system and use this timestamp as an identity to know to actually send it to keyDown.
        ///
        /// Why not send it to keyDown always? Because if the user rebinds a command to something we
        /// actually handle then we do want the standard response chain to handle the key input. Unfortunately,
        /// we can't know what a command is bound to at a system level until we let it flow through the system.
        /// That's the crux of the problem.
        ///
        /// So, we have to send it back through if we didn't handle it.
        ///
        /// The next part of the problem is comparing NSEvent identity seems pretty nasty. I couldn't
        /// find a good way to do it. I originally stored a weak ref and did identity comparison but that
        /// doesn't work and for reasons I couldn't figure out the value gets mangled (fields don't match
        /// before/after the assignment). I suspect it has something to do with the fact an NSEvent is wrapping
        /// a lower level event pointer and its just not surviving the Swift runtime somehow. I don't know.
        ///
        /// The best thing I could find was to store the event timestamp which has decent granularity
        /// and compare that. To further complicate things, some events are synthetic and have a zero
        /// timestamp so we have to protect against that. Fun!
        var lastPerformKeyEvent: TimeInterval?

        /// Special case handling for some control keys
        override func performKeyEquivalent(with event: NSEvent) -> Bool {
            // We only care about key down events. It might not even be possible
            // to receive any other event type here.
            guard event.type == .keyDown else { return false }

            // Only process events if we're focused. Some key events like C-/ macOS
            // appears to send to the first view in the hierarchy rather than the
            // the first responder (I don't know why). This prevents us from handling it.
            // Besides C-/, its important we don't process key equivalents if unfocused
            // because there are other event listeners for that (i.e. AppDelegate's
            // local event handler).
            if !focused {
                return false
            }

            // Get information about if this is a binding.
            let bindingFlags = surfaceModel.flatMap { surface in
                var ghosttyEvent = event.ghosttyKeyEvent(GHOSTTY_ACTION_PRESS)
                return (event.characters ?? "").withCString { ptr in
                    ghosttyEvent.text = ptr
                    return surface.keyIsBinding(ghosttyEvent)
                }
            }

            // If this is a binding then we want to perform it.
            if let bindingFlags {
                // Attempt to trigger a menu item for this key binding. We only do this if:
                //   - We're not in a key sequence or table (those are separate bindings)
                //   - The binding is NOT `all` (menu uses FirstResponder chain)
                //   - The binding is NOT `performable` (menu will always consume)
                //   - The binding is `consumed` (unconsumed bindings should pass through
                //     to the terminal, so we must not intercept them for the menu)
                if keySequence.isEmpty,
                   keyTables.isEmpty,
                   bindingFlags.isDisjoint(with: [.all, .performable]),
                   bindingFlags.contains(.consumed) {
                    if let appDelegate = NSApp.delegate as? AppDelegate,
                       appDelegate.performGhosttyBindingMenuKeyEquivalent(with: event) {
                        return true
                    }
                }

                self.keyDown(with: event)
                return true
            }

            let equivalent: String
            switch event.charactersIgnoringModifiers {
            case "\r":
                // Pass C-<return> through verbatim
                // (prevent the default context menu equivalent)
                if !event.modifierFlags.contains(.control) {
                    return false
                }

                equivalent = "\r"

            case "/":
                // Treat C-/ as C-_. We do this because C-/ makes macOS make a beep
                // sound and we don't like the beep sound.
                if !event.modifierFlags.contains(.control) ||
                    !event.modifierFlags.isDisjoint(with: [.shift, .command, .option]) {
                    return false
                }

                equivalent = "_"

            default:
                // It looks like some part of AppKit sometimes generates synthetic NSEvents
                // with a zero timestamp. We never process these at this point. Concretely,
                // this happens for me when pressing Cmd+period with default bindings. This
                // binds to "cancel" which goes through AppKit to produce a synthetic "escape".
                //
                // Question: should we be ignoring all synthetic events? Should we be finding
                // synthetic escape and ignoring it? I feel like Cmd+period could map to a
                // escape binding by accident, but it hasn't happened yet...
                if event.timestamp == 0 {
                    return false
                }

                // All of this logic here re: lastCommandEvent is to workaround some
                // nasty behavior. See the docs for lastCommandEvent for more info.

                // Ignore all other non-command events. This lets the event continue
                // through the AppKit event systems.
                if !event.modifierFlags.contains(.command) &&
                    !event.modifierFlags.contains(.control) {
                    // Reset since we got a non-command event.
                    lastPerformKeyEvent = nil
                    return false
                }

                // If we have a prior command binding and the timestamp matches exactly
                // then we pass it through to keyDown for encoding.
                if let lastPerformKeyEvent {
                    self.lastPerformKeyEvent = nil
                    if lastPerformKeyEvent == event.timestamp {
                        equivalent = event.characters ?? ""
                        break
                    }
                }

                lastPerformKeyEvent = event.timestamp
                return false
            }

            let finalEvent = NSEvent.keyEvent(
                with: .keyDown,
                location: event.locationInWindow,
                modifierFlags: event.modifierFlags,
                timestamp: event.timestamp,
                windowNumber: event.windowNumber,
                context: nil,
                characters: equivalent,
                charactersIgnoringModifiers: equivalent,
                isARepeat: event.isARepeat,
                keyCode: event.keyCode
            )

            self.keyDown(with: finalEvent!)
            return true
        }

        override func flagsChanged(with event: NSEvent) {
            let mod: UInt32
            switch event.keyCode {
            case 0x39: mod = GHOSTTY_MODS_CAPS.rawValue
            case 0x38, 0x3C: mod = GHOSTTY_MODS_SHIFT.rawValue
            case 0x3B, 0x3E: mod = GHOSTTY_MODS_CTRL.rawValue
            case 0x3A, 0x3D: mod = GHOSTTY_MODS_ALT.rawValue
            case 0x37, 0x36: mod = GHOSTTY_MODS_SUPER.rawValue
            default: return
            }

            // If we're in the middle of a preedit, don't do anything with mods.
            if hasMarkedText() { return }

            // The keyAction function will do this AGAIN below which sucks to repeat
            // but this is super cheap and flagsChanged isn't that common.
            let mods = Ghostty.ghosttyMods(event.modifierFlags)

            // If the key that pressed this is active, its a press, else release.
            var action = GHOSTTY_ACTION_RELEASE
            if mods.rawValue & mod != 0 {
                // If the key is pressed, its slightly more complicated, because we
                // want to check if the pressed modifier is the correct side. If the
                // correct side is pressed then its a press event otherwise its a release
                // event with the opposite modifier still held.
                let sidePressed: Bool
                switch event.keyCode {
                case 0x3C:
                    sidePressed = event.modifierFlags.rawValue & UInt(NX_DEVICERSHIFTKEYMASK) != 0
                case 0x3E:
                    sidePressed = event.modifierFlags.rawValue & UInt(NX_DEVICERCTLKEYMASK) != 0
                case 0x3D:
                    sidePressed = event.modifierFlags.rawValue & UInt(NX_DEVICERALTKEYMASK) != 0
                case 0x36:
                    sidePressed = event.modifierFlags.rawValue & UInt(NX_DEVICERCMDKEYMASK) != 0
                default:
                    sidePressed = true
                }

                if sidePressed {
                    action = GHOSTTY_ACTION_PRESS
                }
            }

            _ = keyAction(action, event: event)
        }

        private func keyAction(
            _ action: ghostty_input_action_e,
            event: NSEvent,
            translationEvent: NSEvent? = nil,
            text: String? = nil,
            composing: Bool = false
        ) -> Bool {
            guard let surface = self.surface else { return false }

            var key_ev = event.ghosttyKeyEvent(action, translationMods: translationEvent?.modifierFlags)
            key_ev.composing = composing

            // For text, we only encode UTF8 if we don't have a single control
            // character. Control characters are encoded by Ghostty itself.
            // Without this, `ctrl+enter` does the wrong thing.
            if let text, text.count > 0,
               let codepoint = text.utf8.first, codepoint >= 0x20 {
                return text.withCString { ptr in
                    key_ev.text = ptr
                    return ghostty_surface_key(surface, key_ev)
                }
            } else {
                return ghostty_surface_key(surface, key_ev)
            }
        }

        override func quickLook(with event: NSEvent) {
            guard let surface = self.surface else { return super.quickLook(with: event) }

            // Grab the text under the cursor
            var text = ghostty_text_s()
            guard ghostty_surface_quicklook_word(surface, &text) else { return super.quickLook(with: event) }
            defer { ghostty_surface_free_text(surface, &text) }
            guard text.text_len > 0  else { return super.quickLook(with: event) }

            // If we can get a font then we use the font. This should always work
            // since we always have a primary font. The only scenario this doesn't
            // work is if someone is using a non-CoreText build which would be
            // unofficial.
            var attributes: [ NSAttributedString.Key: Any ] = [:]
            if let fontRaw = ghostty_surface_quicklook_font(surface) {
                // Memory management here is wonky: ghostty_surface_quicklook_font
                // will create a copy of a CTFont, Swift will auto-retain the
                // unretained value passed into the dict, so we release the original.
                let font = Unmanaged<CTFont>.fromOpaque(fontRaw)
                attributes[.font] = font.takeUnretainedValue()
                font.release()
            }

            // Ghostty coordinate system is top-left, convert to bottom-left for AppKit
            let pt = NSPoint(x: text.tl_px_x, y: frame.size.height - text.tl_px_y)
            let str = NSAttributedString.init(string: String(cString: text.text), attributes: attributes)
            self.showDefinition(for: str, at: pt)
        }

        override func menu(for event: NSEvent) -> NSMenu? {
            // We only support right-click menus
            switch event.type {
            case .rightMouseDown:
                // Good
                break

            case .leftMouseDown:
                if !event.modifierFlags.contains(.control) {
                    return nil
                }

                // In this case, AppKit calls menu BEFORE calling any mouse events.
                // If mouse capturing is enabled then we never show the context menu
                // so that we can handle ctrl+left-click in the terminal app.
                guard let surfaceModel else { return nil }
                if surfaceModel.mouseCaptured {
                    return nil
                }

                // If we return a non-nil menu then mouse events will never be
                // processed by the core, so we need to manually send a right
                // mouse down event.
                //
                // Note this never sounds a right mouse up event but that's the
                // same as normal right-click with capturing disabled from AppKit.
                surfaceModel.sendMouseButton(.init(
                    action: .press,
                    button: .right,
                    mods: .init(nsFlags: event.modifierFlags)))

            default:
                return nil
            }

            let menu = NSMenu()

            // We just use a floating var so we can easily setup metadata on each item
            // in a row without storing it all.
            var item: NSMenuItem

            // If we have a selection, add copy
            if let text = self.accessibilitySelectedText(), text.count > 0 {
                menu.addItem(withTitle: "Copy", action: #selector(copy(_:)), keyEquivalent: "")
            }
            menu.addItem(withTitle: "Paste", action: #selector(paste(_:)), keyEquivalent: "")

            menu.addItem(.separator())
            item = menu.addItem(withTitle: "Split Right", action: #selector(splitRight(_:)), keyEquivalent: "")
            item.setImageIfDesired(systemSymbolName: "rectangle.righthalf.inset.filled")
            item = menu.addItem(withTitle: "Split Left", action: #selector(splitLeft(_:)), keyEquivalent: "")
            item.setImageIfDesired(systemSymbolName: "rectangle.leadinghalf.inset.filled")
            item = menu.addItem(withTitle: "Split Down", action: #selector(splitDown(_:)), keyEquivalent: "")
            item.setImageIfDesired(systemSymbolName: "rectangle.bottomhalf.inset.filled")
            item = menu.addItem(withTitle: "Split Up", action: #selector(splitUp(_:)), keyEquivalent: "")
            item.setImageIfDesired(systemSymbolName: "rectangle.tophalf.inset.filled")

            menu.addItem(.separator())
            item = menu.addItem(withTitle: "Reset Terminal", action: #selector(resetTerminal(_:)), keyEquivalent: "")
            item.setImageIfDesired(systemSymbolName: "arrow.trianglehead.2.clockwise")
            item = menu.addItem(withTitle: "Toggle Terminal Inspector", action: #selector(toggleTerminalInspector(_:)), keyEquivalent: "")
            item.setImageIfDesired(systemSymbolName: "scope")
            item = menu.addItem(withTitle: "Terminal Read-only", action: #selector(toggleReadonly(_:)), keyEquivalent: "")
            item.setImageIfDesired(systemSymbolName: "eye.fill")
            item.state = readonly ? .on : .off
            menu.addItem(.separator())
            item = menu.addItem(withTitle: "Change Tab Title...", action: #selector(BaseTerminalController.changeTabTitle(_:)), keyEquivalent: "")
            item.setImageIfDesired(systemSymbolName: "pencil.line")
            item = menu.addItem(withTitle: "Change Terminal Title...", action: #selector(changeTitle(_:)), keyEquivalent: "")

            return menu
        }

        // MARK: Menu Handlers

        @IBAction func copy(_ sender: Any?) {
            guard let surface = self.surface else { return }
            let action = "copy_to_clipboard"
            if !ghostty_surface_binding_action(surface, action, UInt(action.lengthOfBytes(using: .utf8))) {
                AppDelegate.logger.warning("action failed action=\(action)")
            }
        }

        @IBAction func paste(_ sender: Any?) {
            guard let surface = self.surface else { return }
            let action = "paste_from_clipboard"
            if !ghostty_surface_binding_action(surface, action, UInt(action.lengthOfBytes(using: .utf8))) {
                AppDelegate.logger.warning("action failed action=\(action)")
            }
        }

        @IBAction func pasteAsPlainText(_ sender: Any?) {
            guard let surface = self.surface else { return }
            let action = "paste_from_clipboard"
            if !ghostty_surface_binding_action(surface, action, UInt(action.lengthOfBytes(using: .utf8))) {
                AppDelegate.logger.warning("action failed action=\(action)")
            }
        }

        @IBAction func pasteSelection(_ sender: Any?) {
            guard let surface = self.surface else { return }
            let action = "paste_from_selection"
            if !ghostty_surface_binding_action(surface, action, UInt(action.lengthOfBytes(using: .utf8))) {
                AppDelegate.logger.warning("action failed action=\(action)")
            }
        }

        @IBAction override func selectAll(_ sender: Any?) {
            guard let surface = self.surface else { return }
            let action = "select_all"
            if !ghostty_surface_binding_action(surface, action, UInt(action.lengthOfBytes(using: .utf8))) {
                AppDelegate.logger.warning("action failed action=\(action)")
            }
        }

        @IBAction func find(_ sender: Any?) {
            guard let surface = self.surface else { return }
            let action = "start_search"
            if !ghostty_surface_binding_action(surface, action, UInt(action.lengthOfBytes(using: .utf8))) {
                AppDelegate.logger.warning("action failed action=\(action)")
            }
        }

        @IBAction func selectionForFind(_ sender: Any?) {
            guard let surface = self.surface else { return }
            let action = "search_selection"
            if !ghostty_surface_binding_action(surface, action, UInt(action.lengthOfBytes(using: .utf8))) {
                AppDelegate.logger.warning("action failed action=\(action)")
            }
        }

        @IBAction func scrollToSelection(_ sender: Any?) {
            guard let surface = self.surface else { return }
            let action = "scroll_to_selection"
            if !ghostty_surface_binding_action(surface, action, UInt(action.lengthOfBytes(using: .utf8))) {
                AppDelegate.logger.warning("action failed action=\(action)")
            }
        }

        @IBAction func findNext(_ sender: Any?) {
            _ = self.navigateSearchToNext()
        }

        @IBAction func findPrevious(_ sender: Any?) {
            _ = navigateSearchToPrevious()
        }

        @IBAction func findHide(_ sender: Any?) {
            guard let surface = self.surface else { return }
            let action = "end_search"
            if !ghostty_surface_binding_action(surface, action, UInt(action.lengthOfBytes(using: .utf8))) {
                AppDelegate.logger.warning("action failed action=\(action)")
            }
        }

        @IBAction func toggleReadonly(_ sender: Any?) {
            guard let surface = self.surface else { return }
            let action = "toggle_readonly"
            if !ghostty_surface_binding_action(surface, action, UInt(action.lengthOfBytes(using: .utf8))) {
                AppDelegate.logger.warning("action failed action=\(action)")
            }
        }

        @IBAction func splitRight(_ sender: Any) {
            guard let surface = self.surface else { return }
            ghostty_surface_split(surface, GHOSTTY_SPLIT_DIRECTION_RIGHT)
        }

        @IBAction func splitLeft(_ sender: Any) {
            guard let surface = self.surface else { return }
            ghostty_surface_split(surface, GHOSTTY_SPLIT_DIRECTION_LEFT)
        }

        @IBAction func splitDown(_ sender: Any) {
            guard let surface = self.surface else { return }
            ghostty_surface_split(surface, GHOSTTY_SPLIT_DIRECTION_DOWN)
        }

        @IBAction func splitUp(_ sender: Any) {
            guard let surface = self.surface else { return }
            ghostty_surface_split(surface, GHOSTTY_SPLIT_DIRECTION_UP)
        }

        @objc func resetTerminal(_ sender: Any) {
            guard let surface = self.surface else { return }
            let action = "reset"
            if !ghostty_surface_binding_action(surface, action, UInt(action.lengthOfBytes(using: .utf8))) {
                AppDelegate.logger.warning("action failed action=\(action)")
            }
        }

        @objc func toggleTerminalInspector(_ sender: Any) {
            guard let surface = self.surface else { return }
            let action = "inspector:toggle"
            if !ghostty_surface_binding_action(surface, action, UInt(action.lengthOfBytes(using: .utf8))) {
                AppDelegate.logger.warning("action failed action=\(action)")
            }
        }

        @IBAction func changeTitle(_ sender: Any) {
            promptTitle()
        }

        /// Show a user notification and associate it with this surface
        func showUserNotification(title: String, body: String, requireFocus: Bool = true) {
            let content = UNMutableNotificationContent()
            content.title = title
            content.subtitle = self.title
            content.body = body
            content.sound = UNNotificationSound.default
            content.categoryIdentifier = Ghostty.userNotificationCategory
            content.userInfo = [
                "surface": self.id.uuidString,
                "requireFocus": requireFocus,
            ]

            let uuid = UUID().uuidString
            let request = UNNotificationRequest(
                identifier: uuid,
                content: content,
                trigger: nil
            )

            // Note the callback may be executed on a background thread as documented
            // so we need @MainActor since we're reading/writing view state.
            UNUserNotificationCenter.current().add(request) { @MainActor error in
                if let error = error {
                    AppDelegate.logger.error("Error scheduling user notification: \(error)")
                    return
                }

                // We need to keep track of this notification so we can remove it
                // under certain circumstances
                self.notificationIdentifiers.insert(uuid)

                // If we're focused then we schedule to remove the notification
                // after a few seconds. If we gain focus we automatically remove it
                // in focusDidChange.
                if self.focused {
                    Task { @MainActor [weak self] in
                        try await Task.sleep(for: .seconds(3))
                        self?.notificationIdentifiers.remove(uuid)
                        UNUserNotificationCenter.current()
                            .removeDeliveredNotifications(withIdentifiers: [uuid])
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        /// Handle a user notification click
        func handleUserNotification(notification: UNNotification, focus: Bool) {
            let id = notification.request.identifier
            guard self.notificationIdentifiers.remove(id) != nil else { return }
            if focus {
                self.window?.makeKeyAndOrderFront(self)
                Ghostty.moveFocus(to: self)
            }
        }

        struct DerivedConfig {
            let backgroundColor: Color
            let backgroundOpacity: Double
            let backgroundBlur: Ghostty.Config.BackgroundBlur
            let macosWindowShadow: Bool
            let windowTitleFontFamily: String?
            let windowAppearance: NSAppearance?
            let scrollbar: Ghostty.Config.Scrollbar

            init() {
                self.backgroundColor = Color(NSColor.windowBackgroundColor)
                self.backgroundOpacity = 1
                self.backgroundBlur = .disabled
                self.macosWindowShadow = true
                self.windowTitleFontFamily = nil
                self.windowAppearance = nil
                self.scrollbar = .system
            }

            init(_ config: Ghostty.Config) {
                self.backgroundColor = config.backgroundColor
                self.backgroundOpacity = config.backgroundOpacity
                self.backgroundBlur = config.backgroundBlur
                self.macosWindowShadow = config.macosWindowShadow
                self.windowTitleFontFamily = config.windowTitleFontFamily
                self.windowAppearance = .init(ghosttyConfig: config)
                self.scrollbar = config.scrollbar
            }
        }

        // MARK: - Codable

        enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey {
            case pwd
            case uuid
            case title
            case isUserSetTitle
        }

        required convenience init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
            // Decoding uses the global Ghostty app
            guard let del = NSApplication.shared.delegate,
                  let appDel = del as? AppDelegate,
                  let app = appDel.ghostty.app else {
                throw TerminalRestoreError.delegateInvalid
            }

            let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
            let uuid = UUID(uuidString: try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .uuid))
            var config = Ghostty.SurfaceConfiguration()
            config.workingDirectory = try container.decode(String?.self, forKey: .pwd)
            let savedTitle = try container.decodeIfPresent(String.self, forKey: .title)
            let isUserSetTitle = try container.decodeIfPresent(Bool.self, forKey: .isUserSetTitle) ?? false

            self.init(app, baseConfig: config, uuid: uuid)

            // Restore the saved title after initialization
            if let title = savedTitle {
                self.title = title
                // If this was a user-set title, we need to prevent it from being overwritten
                if isUserSetTitle {
                    self.titleFromTerminal = title
                }
            }
        }

        func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
            var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
            try container.encode(pwd, forKey: .pwd)
            try container.encode(id.uuidString, forKey: .uuid)
            try container.encode(title, forKey: .title)
            try container.encode(titleFromTerminal != nil, forKey: .isUserSetTitle)
        }
    }
}

// MARK: - NSTextInputClient

extension Ghostty.SurfaceView: NSTextInputClient {
    func hasMarkedText() -> Bool {
        return markedText.length > 0
    }

    func markedRange() -> NSRange {
        guard markedText.length > 0 else { return NSRange() }
        return NSRange(0...(markedText.length-1))
    }

    func selectedRange() -> NSRange {
        guard let surface = self.surface else { return NSRange() }

        // Get our range from the Ghostty API. There is a race condition between getting the
        // range and actually using it since our selection may change but there isn't a good
        // way I can think of to solve this for AppKit.
        var text = ghostty_text_s()
        guard ghostty_surface_read_selection(surface, &text) else { return NSRange() }
        defer { ghostty_surface_free_text(surface, &text) }
        return NSRange(location: Int(text.offset_start), length: Int(text.offset_len))
    }

    func setMarkedText(_ string: Any, selectedRange: NSRange, replacementRange: NSRange) {
        switch string {
        case let v as NSAttributedString:
            self.markedText = NSMutableAttributedString(attributedString: v)

        case let v as String:
            self.markedText = NSMutableAttributedString(string: v)

        default:
            print("unknown marked text: \(string)")
        }

        // If we're not in a keyDown event, then we want to update our preedit
        // text immediately. This can happen due to external events, for example
        // changing keyboard layouts while composing: (1) set US intl (2) type '
        // to enter dead key state (3)
        if keyTextAccumulator == nil {
            syncPreedit()
        }
    }

    func unmarkText() {
        if self.markedText.length > 0 {
            self.markedText.mutableString.setString("")
            syncPreedit()
        }
    }

    func validAttributesForMarkedText() -> [NSAttributedString.Key] {
        return []
    }

    func attributedSubstring(forProposedRange range: NSRange, actualRange: NSRangePointer?) -> NSAttributedString? {
        // Ghostty.logger.warning("pressure substring range=\(range) selectedRange=\(self.selectedRange())")
        guard let surface = self.surface else { return nil }

        // If the range is empty then we don't need to return anything
        guard range.length > 0 else { return nil }

        // I used to do a bunch of testing here that the range requested matches the
        // selection range or contains it but a lot of macOS system behaviors request
        // bogus ranges I truly don't understand so we just always return the
        // attributed string containing our selection which is... weird but works?

        // Get our selection text
        var text = ghostty_text_s()
        guard ghostty_surface_read_selection(surface, &text) else { return nil }
        defer { ghostty_surface_free_text(surface, &text) }

        // If we can get a font then we use the font. This should always work
        // since we always have a primary font. The only scenario this doesn't
        // work is if someone is using a non-CoreText build which would be
        // unofficial.
        var attributes: [ NSAttributedString.Key: Any ] = [:]
        if let fontRaw = ghostty_surface_quicklook_font(surface) {
            // Memory management here is wonky: ghostty_surface_quicklook_font
            // will create a copy of a CTFont, Swift will auto-retain the
            // unretained value passed into the dict, so we release the original.
            let font = Unmanaged<CTFont>.fromOpaque(fontRaw)
            attributes[.font] = font.takeUnretainedValue()
            font.release()
        }

        return .init(string: String(cString: text.text), attributes: attributes)
    }

    func characterIndex(for point: NSPoint) -> Int {
        return 0
    }

    func firstRect(forCharacterRange range: NSRange, actualRange: NSRangePointer?) -> NSRect {
        guard let surface = self.surface else {
            return NSRect(x: frame.origin.x, y: frame.origin.y, width: 0, height: 0)
        }

        // Ghostty will tell us where it thinks an IME keyboard should render.
        var x: Double = 0
        var y: Double = 0
        var width: Double = cellSize.width
        var height: Double = cellSize.height

        // QuickLook never gives us a matching range to our selection so if we detect
        // this then we return the top-left selection point rather than the cursor point.
        // This is hacky but I can't think of a better way to get the right IME vs. QuickLook
        // point right now. I'm sure I'm missing something fundamental...
        if range.length > 0 && range != self.selectedRange() {
            // QuickLook
            var text = ghostty_text_s()
            if ghostty_surface_read_selection(surface, &text) {
                // The -2/+2 here is subjective. QuickLook seems to offset the rectangle
                // a bit and I think these small adjustments make it look more natural.
                x = text.tl_px_x - 2
                y = text.tl_px_y + 2

                // Free our text
                ghostty_surface_free_text(surface, &text)
            } else {
                ghostty_surface_ime_point(surface, &x, &y, &width, &height)
            }
        } else {
            ghostty_surface_ime_point(surface, &x, &y, &width, &height)
        }
        if range.length == 0, width > 0 {
            // This fixes #8493 while speaking
            // My guess is that positive width doesn't make sense
            // for the dictation microphone indicator
            width = 0
            x += cellSize.width * Double(range.location + range.length)
        }
        // Ghostty coordinates are in top-left (0, 0) so we have to convert to
        // bottom-left since that is what UIKit expects
        // when there's is no characters selected,
        // width should be 0 so that dictation indicator
        // can start in the right place
        let viewRect = NSRect(
            x: x,
            y: frame.size.height - y,
            width: width,
            height: max(height, cellSize.height))

        // Convert the point to the window coordinates
        let winRect = self.convert(viewRect, to: nil)

        // Convert from view to screen coordinates
        guard let window = self.window else { return winRect }
        return window.convertToScreen(winRect)
    }

    func insertText(_ string: Any, replacementRange: NSRange) {
        // We must have an associated event
        guard NSApp.currentEvent != nil else { return }
        guard let surfaceModel else { return }

        // We want the string view of the any value
        var chars = ""
        switch string {
        case let v as NSAttributedString:
            chars = v.string
        case let v as String:
            chars = v
        default:
            return
        }

        // If insertText is called, our preedit must be over.
        unmarkText()

        // If we have an accumulator we're in another key event so we just
        // accumulate and return.
        if var acc = keyTextAccumulator {
            acc.append(chars)
            keyTextAccumulator = acc
            return
        }

        surfaceModel.sendText(chars)
    }

    /// This function needs to exist for two reasons:
    /// 1. Prevents an audible NSBeep for unimplemented actions.
    /// 2. Allows us to properly encode super+key input events that we don't handle
    override func doCommand(by selector: Selector) {
        // If we are being processed by performKeyEquivalent with a command binding,
        // we send it back through the event system so it can be encoded.
        if let lastPerformKeyEvent,
           let current = NSApp.currentEvent,
           lastPerformKeyEvent == current.timestamp {
            NSApp.sendEvent(current)
        }
    }

    /// Sync the preedit state based on the markedText value to libghostty
    private func syncPreedit(clearIfNeeded: Bool = true) {
        guard let surface else { return }

        if markedText.length > 0 {
            let str = markedText.string
            let len = str.utf8CString.count
            if len > 0 {
                markedText.string.withCString { ptr in
                    // Subtract 1 for the null terminator
                    ghostty_surface_preedit(surface, ptr, UInt(len - 1))
                }
            }
        } else if clearIfNeeded {
            // If we had marked text before but don't now, we're no longer
            // in a preedit state so we can clear it.
            ghostty_surface_preedit(surface, nil, 0)
        }
    }
}

// MARK: Services

// https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/SysServices/Articles/using.html
extension Ghostty.SurfaceView: NSServicesMenuRequestor {
    override func validRequestor(
        forSendType sendType: NSPasteboard.PasteboardType?,
        returnType: NSPasteboard.PasteboardType?
    ) -> Any? {
        // This function confused me a bit so I'm going to add my own commentary on
        // how this works. macOS sends this callback with the given send/return types and
        // we must return the responder capable of handling the COMBINATION of those send
        // and return types (or super up if we can't handle it).
        //
        // The "COMBINATION" bit is key: we might get sent a string (we can handle that)
        // but get requested an image (we can't handle that at the time of writing this),
        // so we must bubble up.

        // Types we can receive
        let receivable: [NSPasteboard.PasteboardType] = [.string, .init("public.utf8-plain-text")]

        // Types that we can send. Currently the same as receivable but I'm separating
        // this out so we can modify this in the future.
        let sendable: [NSPasteboard.PasteboardType] = receivable

        // The sendable types that require a selection (currently all)
        let sendableRequiresSelection = sendable

        // If we expect no data to be sent/received we can obviously handle it (that's
        // the nil check), otherwise it must conform to the types we support on both sides.
        if (returnType == nil || receivable.contains(returnType!)) &&
            (sendType == nil || sendable.contains(sendType!)) {
            // If we're expected to send back a type that requires selection, then
            // verify that we have a selection. We do this within this block because
            // validateRequestor is called a LOT and we want to prevent unnecessary
            // performance hits because `ghostty_surface_has_selection` isn't free.
            if let sendType, sendableRequiresSelection.contains(sendType) {
                if surface == nil || !ghostty_surface_has_selection(surface) {
                    return super.validRequestor(forSendType: sendType, returnType: returnType)
                }
            }

            return self
        }

        return super.validRequestor(forSendType: sendType, returnType: returnType)
    }

    func writeSelection(
        to pboard: NSPasteboard,
        types: [NSPasteboard.PasteboardType]
    ) -> Bool {
        guard let surface = self.surface else { return false }

        // Read the selection
        var text = ghostty_text_s()
        guard ghostty_surface_read_selection(surface, &text) else { return false }
        defer { ghostty_surface_free_text(surface, &text) }

        pboard.declareTypes([.string], owner: nil)
        pboard.setString(String(cString: text.text), forType: .string)
        return true
    }

    func readSelection(from pboard: NSPasteboard) -> Bool {
        guard let str = pboard.getOpinionatedStringContents() else { return false }

        let len = str.utf8CString.count
        if len == 0 { return true }
        str.withCString { ptr in
            // len includes the null terminator so we do len - 1
            ghostty_surface_text(surface, ptr, UInt(len - 1))
        }

        return true
    }
}

// MARK: NSMenuItemValidation

extension Ghostty.SurfaceView: NSMenuItemValidation {
    func validateMenuItem(_ item: NSMenuItem) -> Bool {
        switch item.action {
        case #selector(pasteSelection):
            let pb = NSPasteboard.ghosttySelection
            guard let str = pb.getOpinionatedStringContents() else { return false }
            return !str.isEmpty

        case #selector(findHide):
            return searchState != nil

        case #selector(toggleReadonly):
            item.state = readonly ? .on : .off
            return true

        default:
            return true
        }
    }
}

// MARK: NSDraggingDestination

extension Ghostty.SurfaceView {
    static let dropTypes: Set<NSPasteboard.PasteboardType> = [
        .string,
        .fileURL,
        .URL
    ]

    override func draggingEntered(_ sender: any NSDraggingInfo) -> NSDragOperation {
        guard let types = sender.draggingPasteboard.types else { return [] }

        // If the dragging object contains none of our types then we return none.
        // This shouldn't happen because AppKit should guarantee that we only
        // receive types we registered for but its good to check.
        if Set(types).isDisjoint(with: Self.dropTypes) {
            return []
        }

        // We use copy to get the proper icon
        return .copy
    }

    override func performDragOperation(_ sender: any NSDraggingInfo) -> Bool {
        let pb = sender.draggingPasteboard

        let content: String?
        if let url = pb.string(forType: .URL) {
            // URLs first, they get escaped as-is.
            content = Ghostty.Shell.escape(url)
        } else if let urls = pb.readObjects(forClasses: [NSURL.self]) as? [URL],
           urls.count > 0 {
            // File URLs next. They get escaped individually and then joined by a
            // space if there are multiple.
            content = urls
                .map { Ghostty.Shell.escape($0.path) }
                .joined(separator: " ")
        } else if let str = pb.string(forType: .string) {
            // Strings are not escaped because they may be copy/pasting a
            // command they want to execute.
            content = str
        } else {
            content = nil
        }

        if let content {
            DispatchQueue.main.async {
                self.insertText(
                    content,
                    replacementRange: NSRange(location: 0, length: 0)
                )
            }
            return true
        }

        return false
    }
}

// MARK: Accessibility

extension Ghostty.SurfaceView {
    /// Indicates that this view should be exposed to accessibility tools like VoiceOver.
    /// By returning true, we make the terminal surface accessible to screen readers
    /// and other assistive technologies.
    override func isAccessibilityElement() -> Bool {
         return true
     }

    /// Defines the accessibility role for this view, which helps assistive technologies
    /// understand what kind of content this view contains and how users can interact with it.
    override func accessibilityRole() -> NSAccessibility.Role? {
        /// We use .textArea because the terminal surface is essentially an editable text area
        /// where users can input commands and view output.
        return .textArea
    }

    override func accessibilityHelp() -> String? {
        return "Terminal content area"
    }

    override func accessibilityValue() -> Any? {
        return cachedScreenContents.get()
    }

    /// Returns the range of text that is currently selected in the terminal.
    /// This allows VoiceOver and other assistive technologies to understand
    /// what text the user has selected.
    override func accessibilitySelectedTextRange() -> NSRange {
        return selectedRange()
    }

    /// Returns the currently selected text as a string.
    /// This allows assistive technologies to read the selected content.
    override func accessibilitySelectedText() -> String? {
        guard let surface = self.surface else { return nil }

        // Attempt to read the selection
        var text = ghostty_text_s()
        guard ghostty_surface_read_selection(surface, &text) else { return nil }
        defer { ghostty_surface_free_text(surface, &text) }

        let str = String(cString: text.text)
        return str.isEmpty ? nil : str
    }

    /// Returns the number of characters in the terminal content.
    /// This helps assistive technologies understand the size of the content.
    override func accessibilityNumberOfCharacters() -> Int {
        let content = cachedScreenContents.get()
        return content.count
    }

    /// Returns the visible character range for the terminal.
    /// For terminals, we typically show all content as visible.
    override func accessibilityVisibleCharacterRange() -> NSRange {
        let content = cachedScreenContents.get()
        return NSRange(location: 0, length: content.count)
    }

    /// Returns the line number for a given character index.
    /// This helps assistive technologies navigate by line.
    override func accessibilityLine(for index: Int) -> Int {
        let content = cachedScreenContents.get()
        let substring = String(content.prefix(index))
        return substring.components(separatedBy: .newlines).count - 1
    }

    /// Returns a substring for the given range.
    /// This allows assistive technologies to read specific portions of the content.
    override func accessibilityString(for range: NSRange) -> String? {
        let content = cachedScreenContents.get()
        guard let swiftRange = Range(range, in: content) else { return nil }
        return String(content[swiftRange])
    }

    /// Returns an attributed string for the given range.
    ///
    /// Note: right now this only applies font information. One day it'd be nice to extend
    /// this to copy styling information as well but we need to augment Ghostty core to
    /// expose that.
    ///
    /// This provides styling information to assistive technologies.
    override func accessibilityAttributedString(for range: NSRange) -> NSAttributedString? {
        guard let surface = self.surface else { return nil }
        guard let plainString = accessibilityString(for: range) else { return nil }

        var attributes: [NSAttributedString.Key: Any] = [:]

        // Try to get the font from the surface
        if let fontRaw = ghostty_surface_quicklook_font(surface) {
            let font = Unmanaged<CTFont>.fromOpaque(fontRaw)
            attributes[.font] = font.takeUnretainedValue()
            font.release()
        }

        return NSAttributedString(string: plainString, attributes: attributes)
    }

}

/// Caches a value for some period of time, evicting it automatically when that time expires.
/// We use this to cache our surface content. This probably should be extracted some day
/// to a more generic helper.
class CachedValue<T> {
    private var value: T?
    private let fetch: () -> T
    private let duration: Duration
    private var expiryTask: Task<Void, Never>?

    init(duration: Duration, fetch: @escaping () -> T) {
        self.duration = duration
        self.fetch = fetch
    }

    deinit {
        expiryTask?.cancel()
    }

    func get() -> T {
        if let value {
            return value
        }

        // We don't have a value (or it expired). Fetch and store.
        let result = fetch()
        let now = ContinuousClock.now
        let expires = now + duration
        self.value = result

        // Schedule a task to clear the value
        expiryTask = Task { [weak self] in
            do {
                try await Task.sleep(until: expires)
                self?.value = nil
                self?.expiryTask = nil
            } catch {
                // Task was cancelled, do nothing
            }
        }

        return result
    }
}
