Iterable Streams | Node.js v26.7.0 Documentation

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Table of contents

- Iterable Streams
  - Concepts
    - Byte streams
    - Batching
    - Transforms
    - Pull vs. push
    - Backpressure
      - The two-buffer model
      - Strict (default)
      - Unbounded
      - Drop-oldest
      - Drop-newest
    - Writer interface
      - `writer.canWrite`
      - `writer.end([options])`
      - `writer.endSync()`
      - `writer.fail(reason)`
      - `writer.write(chunk[, options])`
      - `writer.writeSync(chunk)`
      - `writer.writev(chunks[, options])`
      - `writer.writevSync(chunks)`
  - The `stream/iter` module
  - Sources
    - `from(input)`
    - `fromSync(input)`
  - Pipelines
    - `pipeTo(source[, ...transforms], writer[, options])`
    - `pipeToSync(source[, ...transforms], writer[, options])`
    - `pull(source[, ...transforms][, options])`
    - `pullSync(source[, ...transforms])`
  - Push streams
    - `push([...transforms][, options])`
  - Duplex channels
    - `duplex([options])`
  - Consumers
    - `array(source[, options])`
    - `arrayBuffer(source[, options])`
    - `arrayBufferSync(source[, options])`
    - `arraySync(source[, options])`
    - `bytes(source[, options])`
    - `bytesSync(source[, options])`
    - `text(source[, options])`
    - `textSync(source[, options])`
  - Utilities
    - `ondrain(drainable)`
    - `merge(...sources[, options])`
    - `tap(callback)`
    - `tapSync(callback)`
  - Multi-consumer
    - `broadcast([options])`
      - `broadcast.cancel([reason])`
      - `broadcast.consumerCount`
      - `broadcast.push([...transforms][, options])`
      - `broadcast[Symbol.dispose]()`
    - `Broadcast.from(input[, options])`
    - `share(source[, options])`
    - Class: `Share`
      - Static method: `Share.from(input[, options])`
      - `share.cancel([reason])`
      - `share.consumerCount`
      - `share.pull([...transforms][, options])`
      - `share[Symbol.dispose]()`
    - Interface: `Shareable`
      - `sharable[Symbol.for('Stream.shareProtocol')]`
    - Interface: `SyncShareable`
      - `sharable[Symbol.for('Stream.shareSyncProtocol')]`
    - `shareSync(source[, options])`
    - Class: `SyncShare`
      - Static method: `SyncShare.fromSync(input[, options])`
      - `share.bufferSize`
      - `share.cancel([reason])`
      - `share.consumerCount`
      - `share.pull([...transforms][, options])`
      - `share[Symbol.dispose]()`
  - Compression and decompression transforms
  - Classic stream interop
    - `fromReadable(readable)`
    - `fromWritable(writable[, options])`
    - `toReadable(source[, options])`
    - `toReadableSync(source[, options])`
    - `toWritable(writer)`
  - Protocol symbols
    - `Stream.broadcastProtocol`
    - `Stream.drainableProtocol`
    - `Stream.shareProtocol`
    - `Stream.shareSyncProtocol`
    - `Stream.toAsyncStreamable`
    - `Stream.toStreamable`

## Iterable Streams#

Source Code: lib/stream/iter.js

Stability: 1 - Experimental – Enable this API with the `--experimental-stream-iter` CLI flag.

The `node:stream/iter` module provides a streaming API built on iterables rather than the event-driven `Readable`/`Writable`/`Transform` class hierarchy, or the Web Streams `ReadableStream`/`WritableStream`/`TransformStream` interfaces.

Streams are represented as `<AsyncIterable>` (async) or `<Iterable>` (sync). There are no base classes to extend -- any object implementing the iterable protocol can participate. Transforms are plain functions or objects with a `transform` method.

Data flows in batches (`<Uint8Array>`[] per iteration) to amortize the cost of async operations.

    import { from, pull, text } from 'node:stream/iter';
    import { compressGzip, decompressGzip } from 'node:zlib/iter';

    // Compress and decompress a string
    const compressed = pull(from('Hello, world!'), compressGzip());
    const result = await text(pull(compressed, decompressGzip()));
    console.log(result); // 'Hello, world!'
    const { from, pull, text } = require('node:stream/iter');
    const { compressGzip, decompressGzip } = require('node:zlib/iter');

    async function run() {
      // Compress and decompress a string
      const compressed = pull(from('Hello, world!'), compressGzip());
      const result = await text(pull(compressed, decompressGzip()));
      console.log(result); // 'Hello, world!'
    }

    run().catch(console.error);
    javascript

    import { open } from 'node:fs/promises';
    import { text, pipeTo } from 'node:stream/iter';
    import { compressGzip, decompressGzip } from 'node:zlib/iter';

    // Read a file, compress, write to another file
    const src = await open('input.txt', 'r');
    const dst = await open('output.gz', 'w');
    await pipeTo(src.pull(), compressGzip(), dst.writer({ autoClose: true }));
    await src.close();

    // Read it back
    const gz = await open('output.gz', 'r');
    console.log(await text(gz.pull(decompressGzip(), { autoClose: true })));
    const { open } = require('node:fs/promises');
    const { text, pipeTo } = require('node:stream/iter');
    const { compressGzip, decompressGzip } = require('node:zlib/iter');

    async function run() {
      // Read a file, compress, write to another file
      const src = await open('input.txt', 'r');
      const dst = await open('output.gz', 'w');
      await pipeTo(src.pull(), compressGzip(), dst.writer({ autoClose: true }));
      await src.close();

      // Read it back
      const gz = await open('output.gz', 'r');
      console.log(await text(gz.pull(decompressGzip(), { autoClose: true })));
    }

    run().catch(console.error);
    javascript

### Concepts#

#### Byte streams#

All data in this API is represented as `<Uint8Array>` bytes. Strings are automatically UTF-8 encoded when passed to `from()`, `push()`, or `pipeTo()`. This removes ambiguity around encodings and enables zero-copy transfers between streams and native code.

#### Batching#

Each iteration yields a batch -- an `<Array>` of `<Uint8Array>` chunks (`<Uint8Array>`[]). Batching amortizes the cost of `await` and `<Promise>` creation across multiple chunks. A consumer that processes one chunk at a time can simply iterate the inner array:

    for await (const batch of source) {
      for (const chunk of batch) {
        handle(chunk);
      }
    }
    async function run() {
      for await (const batch of source) {
        for (const chunk of batch) {
          handle(chunk);
        }
      }
    }
    javascript

#### Transforms#

Transforms come in two forms:

- Stateless -- a function `(chunks, options) => result` called once per batch. Receives `Uint8Array[]` (or `null` as the flush signal) and an `options` object. Returns `<Uint8Array>`[] | `<null>` | `<Iterable>`.

- Stateful -- an object `{ transform(source, options) }` where `transform` is a generator (sync or async) that receives the entire upstream iterable and an `options` object, and yields output. This form is used for compression, encryption, and any transform that needs to buffer across batches.

Both forms receive an `options` parameter with the following property:

- `options.signal` `<AbortSignal>` An AbortSignal that fires when the pipeline is cancelled, encounters an error, or the consumer stops reading. Transforms can check `signal.aborted` or listen for the `'abort'` event to perform early cleanup.

The flush signal (`null`) is sent after the source ends, giving transforms a chance to emit trailing data (e.g., compression footers).

    // Stateless: uppercase transform
    const upper = (chunks) => {
      if (chunks === null) return null; // flush
      return chunks.map((c) => new TextEncoder().encode(
        new TextDecoder().decode(c).toUpperCase(),
      ));
    };

    // Stateful: line splitter
    const lines = {
      transform: async function*(source) {
        let partial = '';
        for await (const chunks of source) {
          if (chunks === null) {
            if (partial) yield [new TextEncoder().encode(partial)];
            continue;
          }
          for (const chunk of chunks) {
            const str = partial + new TextDecoder().decode(chunk);
            const parts = str.split('\n');
            partial = parts.pop();
            for (const line of parts) {
              yield [new TextEncoder().encode(`${line}\n`)];
            }
          }
        }
      },
    };
    js

#### Pull vs. push#

The API supports two models:

- Pull -- data flows on demand. `pull()` and `pullSync()` create lazy pipelines that only read from the source when the consumer iterates.

- Push -- data is written explicitly. `push()` creates a writer/readable pair with backpressure. The writer pushes data in; the readable is consumed as an async iterable.

#### Backpressure#

Pull streams have natural backpressure -- the consumer drives the pace, so the source is never read faster than the consumer can process. Push streams need explicit backpressure because the producer and consumer run independently. The `budget` and `backpressure` options on `push()`, `broadcast()`, and `share()` control how this works.

##### The two-buffer model#

Push streams use a two-part buffering system. Think of it like a bucket (buffer) being filled through a hose (pending writes), with a float valve that closes when the bucket is full:

                              budget (e.g., 16384)
                                     |
        Producer                     v
           |                    +---------+
           v                    |         |
      [ write() ] ----+    +--->| buffer  |---> Consumer pulls
      [ write() ]     |    |    | (bucket)|     for await (...)
      [ write() ]     v    |    +---------+
                  +--------+         ^
                  | pending|         |
                  | writes |    float valve
                  | (hose) |    (backpressure)
                  +--------+
                       ^
                       |
              'strict' mode limits this too!
    text

- Buffer (the bucket) -- data ready for the consumer, capped at `budget` bytes. When the consumer pulls, it drains all buffered data at once into a single batch.

- Pending writes (the hose) -- writes waiting for buffer space. After the consumer drains, pending writes are promoted into the now-empty buffer and their promises settle.

How each policy uses these buffers:

Policy | Buffer limit | Pending writes limit
--- | --- | ---
`'strict'` | `budget` | 1
`'unbounded'` | `budget` | Unbounded
`'drop-oldest'` | `budget` | N/A (never waits)
`'drop-newest'` | `budget` | N/A (never waits)

##### Strict (default)#

Strict mode catches "fire-and-forget" patterns where the producer calls `write()` without awaiting, which would cause unbounded memory growth. It limits the buffer to `budget` bytes and the pending writes queue to a single entry.

If you properly await each write, you can only ever have one pending write at a time (yours), so you never hit the pending writes limit. Unawaited writes accumulate in the pending queue and throw once it overflows:

    import { push, text } from 'node:stream/iter';

    const { writer, readable } = push({ budget: 16384 });

    // Consumer must run concurrently -- without it, the first write
    // that fills the buffer blocks the producer forever.
    const consuming = text(readable);

    // GOOD: awaited writes. The producer waits for the consumer to
    // make room when the buffer is full.
    for (const item of dataset) {
      await writer.write(item);
    }
    await writer.end();
    console.log(await consuming);
    const { push, text } = require('node:stream/iter');

    async function run() {
      const { writer, readable } = push({ budget: 16384 });

      // Consumer must run concurrently -- without it, the first write
      // that fills the buffer blocks the producer forever.
      const consuming = text(readable);

      // GOOD: awaited writes. The producer waits for the consumer to
      // make room when the buffer is full.
      for (const item of dataset) {
        await writer.write(item);
      }
      await writer.end();
      console.log(await consuming);
    }

    run().catch(console.error);
    javascript

Forgetting to `await` will eventually throw:

    // BAD: fire-and-forget. Strict mode throws once both buffers fill.
    for (const item of dataset) {
      writer.write(item); // Not awaited -- queues without bound
    }
    // --> throws "Backpressure violation: too many pending writes"
    js

##### Unbounded#

Unbounded mode caps buffered bytes at `budget` but places no limit on the pending writes queue. Awaited writes block until the consumer makes room, just like strict mode. The difference is that unawaited writes silently queue forever instead of throwing -- a potential memory leak if the producer forgets to `await`.

This is the mode that existing Node.js classic streams and Web Streams default to. Use it when you control the producer and know it awaits properly, or when migrating code from those APIs.

    import { push, text } from 'node:stream/iter';

    const { writer, readable } = push({
      budget: 16384,
      backpressure: 'unbounded',
    });

    const consuming = text(readable);

    // Safe -- awaited writes block until the consumer reads.
    for (const item of dataset) {
      await writer.write(item);
    }
    await writer.end();
    console.log(await consuming);
    const { push, text } = require('node:stream/iter');

    async function run() {
      const { writer, readable } = push({
        budget: 16384,
        backpressure: 'unbounded',
      });

      const consuming = text(readable);

      // Safe -- awaited writes block until the consumer reads.
      for (const item of dataset) {
        await writer.write(item);
      }
      await writer.end();
      console.log(await consuming);
    }

    run().catch(console.error);
    javascript

##### Drop-oldest#

Writes never wait. When the slots buffer is full, the oldest buffered chunk is evicted to make room for the incoming write. The consumer always sees the most recent data. Useful for live feeds, telemetry, or any scenario where stale data is less valuable than current data.

    import { push } from 'node:stream/iter';

    // Keep only the most recent ~16 KB of readings
    const { writer, readable } = push({
      budget: 16384,
      backpressure: 'drop-oldest',
    });
    const { push } = require('node:stream/iter');

    // Keep only the most recent ~16 KB of readings
    const { writer, readable } = push({
      budget: 16384,
      backpressure: 'drop-oldest',
    });
    javascript

##### Drop-newest#

Writes never wait. When the slots buffer is full, the incoming write is silently discarded. The consumer processes what is already buffered without being overwhelmed by new data. Useful for rate-limiting or shedding load under pressure.

    import { push } from 'node:stream/iter';

    // Accept up to 16 KB of buffered data; discard anything beyond that
    const { writer, readable } = push({
      budget: 16384,
      backpressure: 'drop-newest',
    });
    const { push } = require('node:stream/iter');

    // Accept up to 16 KB of buffered data; discard anything beyond that
    const { writer, readable } = push({
      budget: 16384,
      backpressure: 'drop-newest',
    });
    javascript

#### Writer interface#

A writer is any object conforming to the Writer interface. Only `write()` is required; all other methods are optional.

Each async method has a synchronous `*Sync` counterpart designed for a try-fallback pattern: attempt the fast synchronous path first, and fall back to the async version only when the synchronous call indicates it could not complete:

    if (!writer.writeSync(chunk)) await writer.write(chunk);
    if (!writer.writevSync(chunks)) await writer.writev(chunks);
    if (writer.endSync() < 0) await writer.end();
    writer.fail(err);  // Always synchronous, no fallback needed
    mjs

##### `writer.canWrite`#

- `<boolean>` | `<null>`

Returns `true` if the next write is likely to be accepted (buffered data is below capacity), `false` if backpressure is active, or `null` if the writer is closed or the consumer has disconnected.

This is a hint, not a guarantee: the state can change between the check and the write. Use `ondrain()` to wait for capacity rather than polling.

##### `writer.end([options])`#

- `options` `<Object>`
  - `signal` `<AbortSignal>` Cancel just this operation. The signal cancels only the pending `end()` call; it does not fail the writer itself.
- Returns: `<Promise>` Fulfills with the total number of bytes written.

Signal that no more data will be written.

##### `writer.endSync()`#

- Returns: `<number>` Total bytes written, or `-1` if the writer is not open.

Synchronous variant of `writer.end()`. Returns `-1` if the writer is already closed or errored. Can be used as a try-fallback pattern:

    const result = writer.endSync();
    if (result < 0) {
      writer.end();
    }
    cjs

##### `writer.fail(reason)`#

- `reason` `<any>`

Put the writer into a terminal error state. If the writer is already closed or errored, this is a no-op. Unlike `write()` and `end()`, `fail()` is unconditionally synchronous because failing a writer is a pure state transition with no async work to perform.

##### `writer.write(chunk[, options])`#

- `chunk` `<Uint8Array>` | `<string>`
- `options` `<Object>`
  - `signal` `<AbortSignal>` Cancel just this write operation. The signal cancels only the pending `write()` call; it does not fail the writer itself.
- Returns: `<Promise>` Fulfills with `undefined` when buffer space is available.

Write a chunk.

##### `writer.writeSync(chunk)`#

- `chunk` `<Uint8Array>` | `<string>`
- Returns: `<boolean>` `true` if the write was accepted, `false` if the buffer is full.

Synchronous write. Does not block; returns `false` if backpressure is active.

##### `writer.writev(chunks[, options])`#

- `chunks` `<Uint8Array>`[] | `<string>`[]
- `options` `<Object>`
  - `signal` `<AbortSignal>` Cancel just this write operation. The signal cancels only the pending `writev()` call; it does not fail the writer itself.
- Returns: `<Promise>`

Write multiple chunks as a single batch.

##### `writer.writevSync(chunks)`#

- `chunks` `<Uint8Array>`[] | `<string>`[]
- Returns: `<boolean>` `true` if the write was accepted, `false` if the buffer is full.

Synchronous batch write.

### The `stream/iter` module#

All functions are available both as named exports and as properties of the `Stream` namespace object:

    // Named exports
    import { from, pull, bytes, Stream } from 'node:stream/iter';

    // Namespace access
    Stream.from('hello');
    // Named exports
    const { from, pull, bytes, Stream } = require('node:stream/iter');

    // Namespace access
    Stream.from('hello');
    javascript

Including the `node:` prefix on the module specifier is optional.

### Sources#

#### `from(input)`#

Added in: v25.9.0

- `input` `<string>` | `<ArrayBuffer>` | `<ArrayBufferView>` | `<Iterable>` | `<AsyncIterable>` | `<Object>` Must not be `null` or `undefined`.
- Returns: `<AsyncIterable>` whose chunks fulfill with `<Uint8Array>`[].

Create an async byte stream from the given input. Strings are UTF-8 encoded. `ArrayBuffer` and `ArrayBufferView` values are wrapped as `Uint8Array`. Arrays and iterables in `input` are recursively flattened and normalized.

Objects implementing `Symbol.for('Stream.toAsyncStreamable')` or `Symbol.for('Stream.toStreamable')` are converted via those protocols. The `toAsyncStreamable` protocol takes precedence over `toStreamable`, which takes precedence over the iteration protocols (`Symbol.asyncIterator`, `Symbol.iterator`).

    import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
    import { from, text } from 'node:stream/iter';

    console.log(await text(from('hello')));       // 'hello'
    console.log(await text(from(Buffer.from('hello')))); // 'hello'
    const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');
    const { from, text } = require('node:stream/iter');

    async function run() {
      console.log(await text(from('hello')));       // 'hello'
      console.log(await text(from(Buffer.from('hello')))); // 'hello'
    }

    run().catch(console.error);
    javascript

#### `fromSync(input)`#

Added in: v25.9.0

- `input` `<string>` | `<ArrayBuffer>` | `<ArrayBufferView>` | `<Iterable>` | `<Object>` Must not be `null` or `undefined`.
- Returns: `<Iterable>` whose chunks return `<Uint8Array>`[]

Synchronous version of `from()`. Returns a sync iterable. Cannot accept async iterables or promises. Objects implementing `Symbol.for('Stream.toStreamable')` are converted via that protocol (takes precedence over `Symbol.iterator`). The `toAsyncStreamable` protocol is ignored entirely.

    import { fromSync, textSync } from 'node:stream/iter';

    console.log(textSync(fromSync('hello'))); // 'hello'
    const { fromSync, textSync } = require('node:stream/iter');

    console.log(textSync(fromSync('hello'))); // 'hello'
    javascript

### Pipelines#

#### `pipeTo(source[, ...transforms], writer[, options])`#

Added in: v25.9.0

- `source` `<AsyncIterable>` | `<Iterable>` The data source.
- `...transforms` `<Function>` | `<Object>` Zero or more transforms to apply.
- `writer` `<Object>` Destination with `write(chunk)` method.
- `options` `<Object>`
  - `signal` `<AbortSignal>` Abort the pipeline.
  - `preventClose` `<boolean>` If `true`, do not call `writer.end()` when the source ends. Default: `false`.
  - `preventFail` `<boolean>` If `true`, do not call `writer.fail()` on error. Default: `false`.
- Returns: `<Promise>` Fulfills with the total number of bytes written.

Pipe a source through transforms into a writer. If the writer has a `writev(chunks)` method, entire batches are passed in a single call (enabling scatter/gather I/O).

If the writer implements the optional `*Sync` methods (`writeSync`, `writevSync`, `endSync`), `pipeTo()` will attempt to use the synchronous methods first as a fast path, and fall back to the async versions only when the sync methods indicate they cannot complete (e.g., backpressure or waiting for the next tick). `fail()` is always called synchronously.

    import { from, pipeTo } from 'node:stream/iter';
    import { compressGzip } from 'node:zlib/iter';
    import { open } from 'node:fs/promises';

    const fh = await open('output.gz', 'w');
    const totalBytes = await pipeTo(
      from('Hello, world!'),
      compressGzip(),
      fh.writer({ autoClose: true }),
    );
    const { from, pipeTo } = require('node:stream/iter');
    const { compressGzip } = require('node:zlib/iter');
    const { open } = require('node:fs/promises');

    async function run() {
      const fh = await open('output.gz', 'w');
      const totalBytes = await pipeTo(
        from('Hello, world!'),
        compressGzip(),
        fh.writer({ autoClose: true }),
      );
    }

    run().catch(console.error);
    javascript

#### `pipeToSync(source[, ...transforms], writer[, options])`#

Added in: v25.9.0

- `source` `<Iterable>` The sync data source.
- `...transforms` `<Function>` | `<Object>` Zero or more sync transforms.
- `writer` `<Object>` Destination with `write(chunk)` method.
- `options` `<Object>`
  - `preventClose` `<boolean>` Default: `false`.
  - `preventFail` `<boolean>` Default: `false`.
- Returns: `<number>` Total bytes written.

Synchronous version of `pipeTo()`. The `source`, all transforms, and the `writer` must be synchronous. Cannot accept async iterables or promises.

The `writer` must have the `*Sync` methods (`writeSync`, `writevSync`, `endSync`) and `fail()` for this to work.

#### `pull(source[, ...transforms][, options])`#

Added in: v25.9.0

- `source` `<AsyncIterable>` | `<Iterable>` The data source.
- `...transforms` `<Function>` | `<Object>` Zero or more transforms to apply.
- `options` `<Object>`
  - `signal` `<AbortSignal>` Abort the pipeline.
- Returns: `<AsyncIterable>` whose chunks fulfill with `<Uint8Array>`[]

Create a lazy async pipeline. Data is not read from `source` until the returned iterable is consumed. Transforms are applied in order.

    import { from, pull, text } from 'node:stream/iter';

    const asciiUpper = (chunks) => {
      if (chunks === null) return null;
      return chunks.map((c) => {
        for (let i = 0; i < c.length; i++) {
          c[i] -= (c[i] >= 97 && c[i] <= 122) * 32;
        }
        return c;
      });
    };

    const result = pull(from('hello'), asciiUpper);
    console.log(await text(result)); // 'HELLO'
    const { from, pull, text } = require('node:stream/iter');

    const asciiUpper = (chunks) => {
      if (chunks === null) return null;
      return chunks.map((c) => {
        for (let i = 0; i < c.length; i++) {
          c[i] -= (c[i] >= 97 && c[i] <= 122) * 32;
        }
        return c;
      });
    };

    async function run() {
      const result = pull(from('hello'), asciiUpper);
      console.log(await text(result)); // 'HELLO'
    }

    run().catch(console.error);
    javascript

Using an `AbortSignal`:

    import { pull } from 'node:stream/iter';

    const ac = new AbortController();
    const result = pull(source, transform, { signal: ac.signal });
    ac.abort(); // Pipeline throws AbortError on next iteration
    const { pull } = require('node:stream/iter');

    const ac = new AbortController();
    const result = pull(source, transform, { signal: ac.signal });
    ac.abort(); // Pipeline throws AbortError on next iteration
    javascript

#### `pullSync(source[, ...transforms])`#

Added in: v25.9.0

- `source` `<Iterable>` The sync data source.
- `...transforms` `<Function>` | `<Object>` Zero or more sync transforms.
- Returns: `<Iterable>` whose chunks return `<Uint8Array>`[]

Synchronous version of `pull()`. All transforms must be synchronous.

### Push streams#

#### `push([...transforms][, options])`#

Added in: v25.9.0

- `...transforms` `<Function>` | `<Object>` Optional transforms applied to the readable side.
- `options` `<Object>`
  - `budget` `<number>` Maximum number of buffered bytes before backpressure is applied. Must be >= 16384. Default: `16384`.
  - `backpressure` `<string>` Backpressure policy: `'strict'`, `'unbounded'`, `'drop-oldest'`, or `'drop-newest'`. Default: `'strict'`.
  - `signal` `<AbortSignal>` Abort the stream.
- Returns: `<Object>`
  - `writer` `<Writable>` The writer side.
  - `readable` `<AsyncIterable>` whose chunks fulfill with `<Uint8Array>`[]

Create a push stream with backpressure. The writer pushes data in; the readable side is consumed as an async iterable.

    import { push, text } from 'node:stream/iter';

    const { writer, readable } = push();

    // Producer and consumer must run concurrently. With strict backpressure
    // (the default), awaited writes block until the consumer reads.
    const producing = (async () => {
      await writer.write('hello');
      await writer.write(' world');
      await writer.end();
    })();

    console.log(await text(readable)); // 'hello world'
    await producing;
    const { push, text } = require('node:stream/iter');

    async function run() {
      const { writer, readable } = push();

      // Producer and consumer must run concurrently. With strict backpressure
      // (the default), awaited writes block until the consumer reads.
      const producing = (async () => {
        await writer.write('hello');
        await writer.write(' world');
        await writer.end();
      })();

      console.log(await text(readable)); // 'hello world'
      await producing;
    }

    run().catch(console.error);
    javascript

The writer returned by `push()` conforms to the [Writer interface][].

### Duplex channels#

#### `duplex([options])`#

Added in: v25.9.0

- `options` `<Object>`
  - `budget` `<number>` Buffer size in bytes for both directions. Default: `16384`.
  - `backpressure` `<string>` Policy for both directions. Default: `'strict'`.
  - `signal` `<AbortSignal>` Cancellation signal for both channels.
  - `a` `<Object>` Options specific to the A-to-B direction. Overrides shared options.
    - `budget` `<number>`
    - `backpressure` `<string>`
  - `b` `<Object>` Options specific to the B-to-A direction. Overrides shared options.
    - `budget` `<number>`
    - `backpressure` `<string>`
- Returns: `<Array>` A pair `[channelA, channelB]` of duplex channels.

Create a pair of connected duplex channels for bidirectional communication, similar to `socketpair()`. Data written to one channel's writer appears in the other channel's readable.

Each channel has:

- `writer` — a [Writer interface][] object for sending data to the peer.
- `readable` — an `<AsyncIterable>` for reading data from the peer.
- `close()` — close this end of the channel (idempotent).
- `[Symbol.asyncDispose]()` — async dispose support for `await using`.

    import { duplex, text } from 'node:stream/iter';

    const [client, server] = duplex();

    // Server echoes back
    const serving = (async () => {
      for await (const chunks of server.readable) {
        await server.writer.writev(chunks);
      }
    })();

    await client.writer.write('hello');
    await client.writer.end();

    console.log(await text(server.readable)); // handled by echo
    await serving;
    const { duplex, text } = require('node:stream/iter');

    async function run() {
      const [client, server] = duplex();

      // Server echoes back
      const serving = (async () => {
        for await (const chunks of server.readable) {
          await server.writer.writev(chunks);
        }
      })();

      await client.writer.write('hello');
      await client.writer.end();

      console.log(await text(server.readable)); // handled by echo
      await serving;
    }

    run().catch(console.error);
    javascript

### Consumers#

#### `array(source[, options])`#

Added in: v25.9.0

- `source` `<AsyncIterable>` | `<Iterable>` whose chunks must be `<Uint8Array>`[]
- `options` `<Object>`
  - `signal` `<AbortSignal>`
  - `limit` `<number>` Maximum number of bytes to consume. If the total bytes collected exceeds limit, an `ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE` error is thrown
- Returns: `<Promise>` Fulfills with an array of `Uint8Array` objects.

Collect all chunks as an array of `Uint8Array` values (without concatenating).

#### `arrayBuffer(source[, options])`#

Added in: v25.9.0

- `source` `<AsyncIterable>` | `<Iterable>` whose chunks must be `<Uint8Array>`[]
- `options` `<Object>`
  - `signal` `<AbortSignal>`
  - `limit` `<number>` Maximum number of bytes to consume. If the total bytes collected exceeds limit, an `ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE` error is thrown
- Returns: `<Promise>` Fulfills with an `ArrayBuffer` object.

Collect all bytes into an `ArrayBuffer`.

#### `arrayBufferSync(source[, options])`#

Added in: v25.9.0

- `source` `<Iterable>` whose chunks must be `<Uint8Array>`[]
- `options` `<Object>`
  - `limit` `<number>` Maximum number of bytes to consume. If the total bytes collected exceeds limit, an `ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE` error is thrown
- Returns: `<ArrayBuffer>`

Synchronous version of `arrayBuffer()`.

#### `arraySync(source[, options])`#

Added in: v25.9.0

- `source` `<Iterable>` whose chunks must be `<Uint8Array>`[]
- `options` `<Object>`
  - `limit` `<number>` Maximum number of bytes to consume. If the total bytes collected exceeds limit, an `ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE` error is thrown
- Returns: `<Uint8Array>`[]

Synchronous version of `array()`.

#### `bytes(source[, options])`#

Added in: v25.9.0

- `source` `<AsyncIterable>` | `<Iterable>` whose chunks must be `<Uint8Array>`[]
- `options` `<Object>`
  - `signal` `<AbortSignal>`
  - `limit` `<number>` Maximum number of bytes to consume. If the total bytes collected exceeds limit, an `ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE` error is thrown
- Returns: `<Promise>` Fulfills with an `Uint8Array` object.

Collect all bytes from a stream into a single `Uint8Array`.

    import { from, bytes } from 'node:stream/iter';

    const data = await bytes(from('hello'));
    console.log(data); // Uint8Array(5) [ 104, 101, 108, 108, 111 ]
    const { from, bytes } = require('node:stream/iter');

    async function run() {
      const data = await bytes(from('hello'));
      console.log(data); // Uint8Array(5) [ 104, 101, 108, 108, 111 ]
    }

    run().catch(console.error);
    javascript

#### `bytesSync(source[, options])`#

Added in: v25.9.0

- `source` `<Iterable>` whose chunks must be `<Uint8Array>`[]
- `options` `<Object>`
  - `limit` `<number>` Maximum number of bytes to consume. If the total bytes collected exceeds limit, an `ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE` error is thrown
- Returns: `<Uint8Array>`

Synchronous version of `bytes()`.

#### `text(source[, options])`#

Added in: v25.9.0

- `source` `<AsyncIterable>` | `<Iterable>` whose chunks must be `<Uint8Array>`[]
- `options` `<Object>`
  - `encoding` `<string>` Text encoding. Default: `'utf-8'`.
  - `signal` `<AbortSignal>`
  - `limit` `<number>` Maximum number of bytes to consume. If the total bytes collected exceeds limit, an `ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE` error is thrown
- Returns: `<Promise>` Fulfills with a `string`.

Collect all bytes and decode as text.

    import { from, text } from 'node:stream/iter';

    console.log(await text(from('hello'))); // 'hello'
    const { from, text } = require('node:stream/iter');

    async function run() {
      console.log(await text(from('hello'))); // 'hello'
    }

    run().catch(console.error);
    javascript

#### `textSync(source[, options])`#

Added in: v25.9.0

- `source` `<Iterable>` whose chunks must be `<Uint8Array>`[]
- `options` `<Object>`
  - `encoding` `<string>` Default: `'utf-8'`.
  - `limit` `<number>` Maximum number of bytes to consume. If the total bytes collected exceeds limit, an `ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE` error is thrown
- Returns: `<string>`

Synchronous version of `text()`.

### Utilities#

#### `ondrain(drainable)`#

Added in: v25.9.0

- `drainable` `<Object>` An object implementing the drainable protocol.
- Returns: `<Promise>` | `<null>`

Wait for a drainable writer's backpressure to clear. Returns `null` if the object does not implement the drainable protocol, or a promise that fulfills with `true` when the writer can accept more data.

    import { push, ondrain, text } from 'node:stream/iter';

    const { writer, readable } = push({ budget: 16384 });
    const chunk = new Uint8Array(8192);  // 8 KB
    writer.writeSync(chunk);
    writer.writeSync(chunk);  // 16 KB total -- buffer full

    // Start consuming so the buffer can actually drain
    const consuming = text(readable);

    // Buffer is full -- wait for drain
    const canWrite = await ondrain(writer);
    if (canWrite) {
      await writer.write('c');
    }
    await writer.end();
    await consuming;
    const { push, ondrain, text } = require('node:stream/iter');

    async function run() {
      const { writer, readable } = push({ budget: 16384 });
      const chunk = new Uint8Array(8192);  // 8 KB
      writer.writeSync(chunk);
      writer.writeSync(chunk);  // 16 KB total -- buffer full

      // Start consuming so the buffer can actually drain
      const consuming = text(readable);

      // Buffer is full -- wait for drain
      const canWrite = await ondrain(writer);
      if (canWrite) {
        await writer.write('c');
      }
      await writer.end();
      await consuming;
    }

    run().catch(console.error);
    javascript

#### `merge(...sources[, options])`#

Added in: v25.9.0

- `...sources` `<AsyncIterable>` | `<Iterable>` whose chunks must be `<Uint8Array>`[]
- `options` `<Object>`
  - `signal` `<AbortSignal>`
- Returns: `<AsyncIterable>` whose chunks fulfill with `<Uint8Array>`[]

Merge multiple async iterables by yielding batches in temporal order (whichever source produces data first). All sources are consumed concurrently.

    import { from, merge, text } from 'node:stream/iter';

    const merged = merge(from('hello '), from('world'));
    console.log(await text(merged)); // Order depends on timing
    const { from, merge, text } = require('node:stream/iter');

    async function run() {
      const merged = merge(from('hello '), from('world'));
      console.log(await text(merged)); // Order depends on timing
    }

    run().catch(console.error);
    javascript

#### `tap(callback)`#

Added in: v25.9.0

- `callback` `<Function>` `(chunks) => void` Called with each batch.
- Returns: `<Function>` A stateless transform.

Create a pass-through transform that observes batches without modifying them. Useful for logging, metrics, or debugging.

    import { from, pull, text, tap } from 'node:stream/iter';

    const result = pull(
      from('hello'),
      tap((chunks) => console.log('Batch size:', chunks.length)),
    );
    console.log(await text(result));
    const { from, pull, text, tap } = require('node:stream/iter');

    async function run() {
      const result = pull(
        from('hello'),
        tap((chunks) => console.log('Batch size:', chunks.length)),
      );
      console.log(await text(result));
    }

    run().catch(console.error);
    javascript

`tap()` intentionally does not prevent in-place modification of the chunks by the tapping callback; but return values are ignored.

#### `tapSync(callback)`#

Added in: v25.9.0

- `callback` `<Function>`
- Returns: `<Function>`

Synchronous version of `tap()`.

### Multi-consumer#

#### `broadcast([options])`#

Added in: v25.9.0

- `options` `<Object>`
  - `budget` `<number>` Buffer size in bytes. Must be >= 16384. Default: `65536`.
  - `backpressure` `<string>` `'strict'`, `'unbounded'`, `'drop-oldest'`, or `'drop-newest'`. Default: `'strict'`.
  - `signal` `<AbortSignal>`
- Returns: `<Object>`
  - `writer` `<Writable>`
  - `broadcast` `<BroadcastChannel>`

Create a push-model multi-consumer broadcast channel. A single writer pushes data to multiple consumers. Each consumer has an independent cursor into a shared buffer.

    import { broadcast, text } from 'node:stream/iter';

    const { writer, broadcast: bc } = broadcast();

    // Create consumers before writing
    const c1 = bc.push();  // Consumer 1
    const c2 = bc.push();  // Consumer 2

    // Producer and consumers must run concurrently. Awaited writes
    // block when the buffer fills until consumers read.
    const producing = (async () => {
      await writer.write('hello');
      await writer.end();
    })();

    const [r1, r2] = await Promise.all([text(c1), text(c2)]);
    console.log(r1); // 'hello'
    console.log(r2); // 'hello'
    await producing;
    const { broadcast, text } = require('node:stream/iter');

    async function run() {
      const { writer, broadcast: bc } = broadcast();

      // Create consumers before writing
      const c1 = bc.push();  // Consumer 1
      const c2 = bc.push();  // Consumer 2

      // Producer and consumers must run concurrently. Awaited writes
      // block when the buffer fills until consumers read.
      const producing = (async () => {
        await writer.write('hello');
        await writer.end();
      })();

      const [r1, r2] = await Promise.all([text(c1), text(c2)]);
      console.log(r1); // 'hello'
      console.log(r2); // 'hello'
      await producing;
    }

    run().catch(console.error);
    javascript

##### `broadcast.cancel([reason])`#

- `reason` `<Error>`

Cancel the broadcast. All consumers receive an error.

##### `broadcast.consumerCount`#

- `<number>`

The number of active consumers.

##### `broadcast.push([...transforms][, options])`#

- `...transforms` `<Function>` | `<Object>`
- `options` `<Object>`
  - `signal` `<AbortSignal>`
- Returns: `<AsyncIterable>` whose chunks fulfill with `<Uint8Array>`[]

Create a new consumer. Each consumer receives all data written to the broadcast from the point of subscription onward. Optional transforms are applied to this consumer's view of the data.

##### `broadcast[Symbol.dispose]()`#

Alias for `broadcast.cancel()`.

#### `Broadcast.from(input[, options])`#

Added in: v25.9.0

- `input` `<AsyncIterable>` | `<Iterable>` | `<BroadcastChannel>`
- `options` `<Object>` Same as `broadcast()`.
- Returns: `<Object>` `{ writer, broadcast }`

Create a `<BroadcastChannel>` from an existing source. The source is consumed automatically and pushed to all subscribers.

#### `share(source[, options])`#

Added in: v25.9.0

- `source` `<AsyncIterable>` The source to share.
- `options` `<Object>`
  - `budget` `<number>` Buffer size in bytes. Must be >= 16384. Default: `65536`.
  - `backpressure` `<string>` `'strict'`, `'unbounded'`, `'drop-oldest'`, or `'drop-newest'`. Default: `'strict'`.
- Returns: `<Share>`

Create a pull-model multi-consumer shared stream. Unlike `broadcast()`, the source is only read when a consumer pulls. Multiple consumers share a single buffer.

    import { from, share, text } from 'node:stream/iter';

    const shared = share(from('hello'));

    const c1 = shared.pull();
    const c2 = shared.pull();

    // Consume concurrently to avoid deadlock with small buffers.
    const [r1, r2] = await Promise.all([text(c1), text(c2)]);
    console.log(r1); // 'hello'
    console.log(r2); // 'hello'
    const { from, share, text } = require('node:stream/iter');

    async function run() {
      const shared = share(from('hello'));

      const c1 = shared.pull();
      const c2 = shared.pull();

      // Consume concurrently to avoid deadlock with small buffers.
      const [r1, r2] = await Promise.all([text(c1), text(c2)]);
      console.log(r1); // 'hello'
      console.log(r2); // 'hello'
    }

    run().catch(console.error);
    javascript

#### Class: `Share`#

##### Static method: `Share.from(input[, options])`#

Added in: v25.9.0

- `input` `<AsyncIterable>` | `<Shareable>`
- `options` `<Object>` Same as `share()`.
- Returns: `<Share>`

Create a `<Share>` from an existing source.

##### `share.cancel([reason])`#

- `reason` `<Error>`

Cancel the share. All consumers receive an error.

##### `share.consumerCount`#

- `<number>`

The number of active consumers.

##### `share.pull([...transforms][, options])`#

- `...transforms` `<Function>` | `<Object>`
- `options` `<Object>`
  - `signal` `<AbortSignal>`
- Returns: `<AsyncIterable>` whose chunks fulfill with `<Uint8Array>`[]

Create a new consumer of the shared source.

##### `share[Symbol.dispose]()`#

Alias for `share.cancel()`.

#### Interface: `Shareable`#

##### `sharable[Symbol.for('Stream.shareProtocol')]`#

- `<Function>` that returns a `<Share>`.

#### Interface: `SyncShareable`#

##### `sharable[Symbol.for('Stream.shareSyncProtocol')]`#

- `<Function>` that returns a `<SyncShare>`.

#### `shareSync(source[, options])`#

Added in: v25.9.0

- `source` `<Iterable>` The sync source to share.
- `options` `<Object>`
  - `budget` `<number>` Must be >= 16384. Default: `65536`.
  - `backpressure` `<string>` Default: `'strict'`.
- Returns: `<SyncShare>`

Synchronous version of `share()`.

#### Class: `SyncShare`#

##### Static method: `SyncShare.fromSync(input[, options])`#

Added in: v25.9.0

- `input` `<Iterable>` | `<SyncShareable>`
- `options` `<Object>`
- Returns: `<SyncShare>`

##### `share.bufferSize`#

- `<number>`

The number of chunks currently buffered.

##### `share.cancel([reason])`#

- `reason` `<Error>`

Cancel the share. All consumers receive an error.

##### `share.consumerCount`#

- `<number>`

The number of active consumers.

##### `share.pull([...transforms][, options])`#

- `...transforms` `<Function>` | `<Object>`
- `options` `<Object>`
  - `signal` `<AbortSignal>`
- Returns: `<Iterable>` whose chunks return `<Uint8Array>`[]

Create a new consumer of the shared source.

##### `share[Symbol.dispose]()`#

Alias for `share.cancel()`.

### Compression and decompression transforms#

Compression and decompression transforms for use with `pull()`, `pullSync()`, `pipeTo()`, and `pipeToSync()` are available via the `node:zlib/iter` module. See the `node:zlib/iter` documentation for details.

### Classic stream interop#

These utility functions bridge between classic `stream.Readable`/`stream.Writable` streams and the `stream/iter` API.

Both `fromReadable()` and `fromWritable()` accept duck-typed objects -- they do not require the input to extend `stream.Readable` or `stream.Writable` directly. The minimum contract is described below for each function.

#### `fromReadable(readable)`#

Added in: v26.1.0

Stability: 1 - Experimental

- `readable` `<stream.Readable>` | `<Object>` A classic Readable stream or any object with `read()`, `on()`, and `off()` methods.
- Returns: `<AsyncIterable>` whose chunks fulfill with `<Uint8Array>`[]

Converts a classic Readable stream (or duck-typed equivalent) into a stream/iter async iterable source that can be passed to `from()`, `pull()`, `text()`, etc.

If the object implements the `toAsyncStreamable` protocol (as `stream.Readable` does), that protocol is used. Otherwise, the function duck-types on `read()`, `on()`, and `off()` (EventEmitter) and wraps the stream with a batched async iterator.

The result is cached per instance -- calling `fromReadable()` twice with the same stream returns the same iterable.

For object-mode or encoded Readable streams, chunks are automatically normalized to `Uint8Array`.

    import { Readable } from 'node:stream';
    import { fromReadable, text } from 'node:stream/iter';

    const readable = new Readable({
      read() { this.push('hello world'); this.push(null); },
    });

    const result = await text(fromReadable(readable));
    console.log(result); // 'hello world'
    const { Readable } = require('node:stream');
    const { fromReadable, text } = require('node:stream/iter');

    const readable = new Readable({
      read() { this.push('hello world'); this.push(null); },
    });

    async function run() {
      const result = await text(fromReadable(readable));
      console.log(result); // 'hello world'
    }
    run();
    javascript

#### `fromWritable(writable[, options])`#

Added in: v26.1.0

Stability: 1 - Experimental

- `writable` `<stream.Writable>` | `<Object>` A classic Writable stream or any object with `write()` and `on()` methods.
- `options` `<Object>`
  - `backpressure` `<string>` Backpressure policy. Default: `'strict'`.
    - `'strict'` -- writes are rejected when the buffer is full. Catches callers that ignore backpressure.
    - `'unbounded'` -- writes wait for drain when the buffer is full. Recommended for use with `pipeTo()`.
    - `'drop-newest'` -- writes are silently discarded when the buffer is full.
    - `'drop-oldest'` -- not supported. Throws `ERR_INVALID_ARG_VALUE`.
- Returns: `<Object>` A stream/iter Writer adapter.

Creates a stream/iter Writer adapter from a classic Writable stream (or duck-typed equivalent). The adapter can be passed to `pipeTo()` as a destination.

Since all writes on a classic Writable are fundamentally asynchronous, the synchronous Writer methods (`writeSync`, `writevSync`, `endSync`) always return `false` or `-1`, deferring to the async path. The per-write `options.signal` parameter from the Writer interface is also ignored.

The result is cached per instance and backpressure policy -- calling `fromWritable()` twice with the same stream and `backpressure` option returns the same Writer.

For duck-typed streams that do not expose `writableHighWaterMark`, `writableLength`, or similar properties, sensible defaults are used. Object-mode writables (if detectable) are rejected since the Writer interface is bytes-only.

    import { Writable } from 'node:stream';
    import { from, fromWritable, pipeTo } from 'node:stream/iter';

    const writable = new Writable({
      write(chunk, encoding, cb) { console.log(chunk.toString()); cb(); },
    });

    await pipeTo(from('hello world'),
                 fromWritable(writable, { backpressure: 'unbounded' }));
    const { Writable } = require('node:stream');
    const { from, fromWritable, pipeTo } = require('node:stream/iter');

    async function run() {
      const writable = new Writable({
        write(chunk, encoding, cb) { console.log(chunk.toString()); cb(); },
      });

      await pipeTo(from('hello world'),
                   fromWritable(writable, { backpressure: 'unbounded' }));
    }
    run();
    javascript

#### `toReadable(source[, options])`#

Added in: v26.1.0

Stability: 1 - Experimental

- `source` `<AsyncIterable>` whose chunks must fulfill with `<Uint8Array>`[] the return value of `pull()` or `from()`.
- `options` `<Object>`
  - `highWaterMark` `<number>` The internal buffer size in bytes before backpressure is applied. Default: `65536` (64 KB).
  - `signal` `<AbortSignal>` An optional signal to abort the readable.
- Returns: `<stream.Readable>`

Creates a byte-mode `stream.Readable` from the `source` (the native batch format used by the stream/iter API). Each `Uint8Array` in a yielded batch is pushed as a separate chunk into the Readable.

    import { createWriteStream } from 'node:fs';
    import { from, pull, toReadable } from 'node:stream/iter';
    import { compressGzip } from 'node:zlib/iter';

    const source = pull(from('hello world'), compressGzip());
    const readable = toReadable(source);

    readable.pipe(createWriteStream('output.gz'));
    const { createWriteStream } = require('node:fs');
    const { from, pull, toReadable } = require('node:stream/iter');
    const { compressGzip } = require('node:zlib/iter');

    const source = pull(from('hello world'), compressGzip());
    const readable = toReadable(source);

    readable.pipe(createWriteStream('output.gz'));
    javascript

#### `toReadableSync(source[, options])`#

Added in: v26.1.0

Stability: 1 - Experimental

- `source` `<Iterable>` whose chunks must return `<Uint8Array>`[], such as the return value of `pullSync()` or `fromSync()`.
- `options` `<Object>`
  - `highWaterMark` `<number>` The internal buffer size in bytes before backpressure is applied. Default: `65536` (64 KB).
- Returns: `<stream.Readable>`

Creates a byte-mode `stream.Readable` from the `source`. The `_read()` method pulls from the iterator synchronously, so data is available immediately via `readable.read()`.

    import { fromSync, toReadableSync } from 'node:stream/iter';

    const source = fromSync('hello world');
    const readable = toReadableSync(source);

    console.log(readable.read().toString()); // 'hello world'
    const { fromSync, toReadableSync } = require('node:stream/iter');

    const source = fromSync('hello world');
    const readable = toReadableSync(source);

    console.log(readable.read().toString()); // 'hello world'
    javascript

#### `toWritable(writer)`#

Added in: v26.1.0

Stability: 1 - Experimental

- `writer` `<Object>` A stream/iter Writer. Only the `write()` method is required; `end()`, `fail()`, `writeSync()`, `writevSync()`, `endSync()`, and `writev()` are optional.
- Returns: `<stream.Writable>`

Creates a classic `stream.Writable` backed by a stream/iter Writer.

Each `_write()` / `_writev()` call attempts the Writer's synchronous method first (`writeSync` / `writevSync`), falling back to the async method if the sync path returns `false`. Similarly, `_final()` tries `endSync()` before `end()`. When the sync path succeeds, the callback is deferred via `queueMicrotask` to preserve the async resolution contract.

The Writable's `highWaterMark` is set to `Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER` to effectively disable its internal buffering, allowing the underlying Writer to manage backpressure directly.

    import { push, toWritable } from 'node:stream/iter';

    const { writer, readable } = push();
    const writable = toWritable(writer);

    writable.write('hello');
    writable.end();
    const { push, toWritable } = require('node:stream/iter');

    const { writer, readable } = push();
    const writable = toWritable(writer);

    writable.write('hello');
    writable.end();
    javascript

### Protocol symbols#

These well-known symbols allow third-party objects to participate in the streaming protocol without importing from `node:stream/iter` directly.

#### `Stream.broadcastProtocol`#

- Value: `Symbol.for('Stream.broadcastProtocol')`

The value must be a function. When called by `Broadcast.from()`, it receives the options passed to `Broadcast.from()` and must return an object conforming to the `<BroadcastChannel>` interface. The implementation is fully custom -- it can manage consumers, buffering, and backpressure however it wants.

    import { Broadcast, text } from 'node:stream/iter';

    // This example defers to the built-in Broadcast, but a custom
    // implementation could use any mechanism.
    class MessageBus {
      #broadcast;
      #writer;

      constructor() {
        const { writer, broadcast } = Broadcast();
        this.#writer = writer;
        this.#broadcast = broadcast;
      }

      [Symbol.for('Stream.broadcastProtocol')](options) {
        return this.#broadcast;
      }

      send(data) {
        this.#writer.write(new TextEncoder().encode(data));
      }

      close() {
        this.#writer.end();
      }
    }

    const bus = new MessageBus();
    const { broadcast } = Broadcast.from(bus);
    const consumer = broadcast.push();
    bus.send('hello');
    bus.close();
    console.log(await text(consumer)); // 'hello'
    const { Broadcast, text } = require('node:stream/iter');

    // This example defers to the built-in Broadcast, but a custom
    // implementation could use any mechanism.
    class MessageBus {
      #broadcast;
      #writer;

      constructor() {
        const { writer, broadcast } = Broadcast();
        this.#writer = writer;
        this.#broadcast = broadcast;
      }

      [Symbol.for('Stream.broadcastProtocol')](options) {
        return this.#broadcast;
      }

      send(data) {
        this.#writer.write(new TextEncoder().encode(data));
      }

      close() {
        this.#writer.end();
      }
    }

    const bus = new MessageBus();
    const { broadcast } = Broadcast.from(bus);
    const consumer = broadcast.push();
    bus.send('hello');
    bus.close();
    text(consumer).then(console.log); // 'hello'
    javascript

#### `Stream.drainableProtocol`#

- Value: `Symbol.for('Stream.drainableProtocol')`

Implement to make a writer compatible with `ondrain()`. The method should return `null` if no backpressure, or a promise that fulfills with a truthy value when backpressure clears.

    import { ondrain } from 'node:stream/iter';

    class CustomWriter {
      #queue = [];
      #drain = null;
      #closed = false;
      [Symbol.for('Stream.drainableProtocol')]() {
        if (this.#closed) return null;
        if (this.#queue.length < 3) return Promise.resolve(true);
        this.#drain ??= Promise.withResolvers();
        return this.#drain.promise;
      }
      write(chunk) {
        this.#queue.push(chunk);
      }
      flush() {
        this.#queue.length = 0;
        this.#drain?.resolve(true);
        this.#drain = null;
      }
      close() {
        this.#closed = true;
      }
    }
    const writer = new CustomWriter();
    const ready = ondrain(writer);
    console.log(ready); // Promise { true } -- no backpressure
    const { ondrain } = require('node:stream/iter');

    class CustomWriter {
      #queue = [];
      #drain = null;
      #closed = false;

      [Symbol.for('Stream.drainableProtocol')]() {
        if (this.#closed) return null;
        if (this.#queue.length < 3) return Promise.resolve(true);
        this.#drain ??= Promise.withResolvers();
        return this.#drain.promise;
      }

      write(chunk) {
        this.#queue.push(chunk);
      }

      flush() {
        this.#queue.length = 0;
        this.#drain?.resolve(true);
        this.#drain = null;
      }

      close() {
        this.#closed = true;
      }
    }

    const writer = new CustomWriter();
    const ready = ondrain(writer);
    console.log(ready); // Promise { true } -- no backpressure
    javascript

#### `Stream.shareProtocol`#

- Value: `Symbol.for('Stream.shareProtocol')`

The value must be a function. When called by `Share.from()`, it receives the options passed to `Share.from()` and must return an object conforming to the `<Share>` interface. The implementation is fully custom -- it can manage the shared source, consumers, buffering, and backpressure however it wants.

    import { share, Share, text } from 'node:stream/iter';

    // This example defers to the built-in share(), but a custom
    // implementation could use any mechanism.
    class DataPool {
      #share;

      constructor(source) {
        this.#share = share(source);
      }

      [Symbol.for('Stream.shareProtocol')](options) {
        return this.#share;
      }
    }

    const pool = new DataPool(
      (async function* () {
        yield 'hello';
      })(),
    );

    const shared = Share.from(pool);
    const consumer = shared.pull();
    console.log(await text(consumer)); // 'hello'
    const { share, Share, text } = require('node:stream/iter');

    // This example defers to the built-in share(), but a custom
    // implementation could use any mechanism.
    class DataPool {
      #share;

      constructor(source) {
        this.#share = share(source);
      }

      [Symbol.for('Stream.shareProtocol')](options) {
        return this.#share;
      }
    }

    const pool = new DataPool(
      (async function* () {
        yield 'hello';
      })(),
    );

    const shared = Share.from(pool);
    const consumer = shared.pull();
    text(consumer).then(console.log); // 'hello'
    javascript

#### `Stream.shareSyncProtocol`#

- Value: `Symbol.for('Stream.shareSyncProtocol')`

The value must be a function. When called by `SyncShare.fromSync()`, it receives the options passed to `SyncShare.fromSync()` and must return an object conforming to the `<SyncShare>` interface. The implementation is fully custom -- it can manage the shared source, consumers, and buffering however it wants.

    import { shareSync, SyncShare, textSync } from 'node:stream/iter';

    // This example defers to the built-in shareSync(), but a custom
    // implementation could use any mechanism.
    class SyncDataPool {
      #share;

      constructor(source) {
        this.#share = shareSync(source);
      }

      [Symbol.for('Stream.shareSyncProtocol')](options) {
        return this.#share;
      }
    }

    const encoder = new TextEncoder();
    const pool = new SyncDataPool(
      function* () {
        yield [encoder.encode('hello')];
      }(),
    );

    const shared = SyncShare.fromSync(pool);
    const consumer = shared.pull();
    console.log(textSync(consumer)); // 'hello'
    const { shareSync, SyncShare, textSync } = require('node:stream/iter');

    // This example defers to the built-in shareSync(), but a custom
    // implementation could use any mechanism.
    class SyncDataPool {
      #share;

      constructor(source) {
        this.#share = shareSync(source);
      }

      [Symbol.for('Stream.shareSyncProtocol')](options) {
        return this.#share;
      }
    }

    const encoder = new TextEncoder();
    const pool = new SyncDataPool(
      function* () {
        yield [encoder.encode('hello')];
      }(),
    );

    const shared = SyncShare.fromSync(pool);
    const consumer = shared.pull();
    console.log(textSync(consumer)); // 'hello'
    javascript

#### `Stream.toAsyncStreamable`#

- Value: `Symbol.for('Stream.toAsyncStreamable')`

The value must be a function that converts the object into a streamable value. When the object is encountered anywhere in the streaming pipeline (as a source passed to `from()`, or as a value returned from a transform), this method is called to produce the actual data. It may return any value that resolves to: a string, `Uint8Array`, `AsyncIterable`, `Iterable`, or another streamable object.

    import { from, text } from 'node:stream/iter';

    class Greeting {
      #name;

      constructor(name) {
        this.#name = name;
      }

      [Symbol.for('Stream.toAsyncStreamable')]() {
        return `hello ${this.#name}`;
      }
    }

    const stream = from(new Greeting('world'));
    console.log(await text(stream)); // 'hello world'
    const { from, text } = require('node:stream/iter');

    class Greeting {
      #name;

      constructor(name) {
        this.#name = name;
      }

      [Symbol.for('Stream.toAsyncStreamable')]() {
        return `hello ${this.#name}`;
      }
    }

    const stream = from(new Greeting('world'));
    text(stream).then(console.log); // 'hello world'
    javascript

#### `Stream.toStreamable`#

- Value: `Symbol.for('Stream.toStreamable')`

The value must be a function that synchronously converts the object into a streamable value. When the object is encountered anywhere in the streaming pipeline (as a source passed to `fromSync()`, or as a value returned from a sync transform), this method is called to produce the actual data. It must synchronously return a streamable value: a string, `Uint8Array`, or `Iterable`.

    import { fromSync, textSync } from 'node:stream/iter';

    class Greeting {
      #name;

      constructor(name) {
        this.#name = name;
      }

      [Symbol.for('Stream.toStreamable')]() {
        return `hello ${this.#name}`;
      }
    }

    const stream = fromSync(new Greeting('world'));
    console.log(textSync(stream)); // 'hello world'
    const { fromSync, textSync } = require('node:stream/iter');

    class Greeting {
      #name;

      constructor(name) {
        this.#name = name;
      }

      [Symbol.for('Stream.toStreamable')]() {
        return `hello ${this.#name}`;
      }
    }

    const stream = fromSync(new Greeting('world'));
    console.log(textSync(stream)); // 'hello world'
    javascript