# Debugger Launchers: Windows Debugger (WinDbg, dbgeng.dll)

Integration with WinDbg is achieved by implementing a console debugger in Python 3 based on `dbgeng.dll` (via pybag). This DLL represents the Microsoft Windows Debugger engine, and so is best suited for debugging Windows user-space targets. This DLL also backs WinDbg and several other debuggers on Windows. By default, the launcher will search for this DLL in an installation of the Windows Debugging Kits version 10. If it does not find it there, it will probably crash with a message in the Terminal.

The following launchers based on Microsoft's `dbgeng.dll` are included out of the box:

## Local

The plain "`dbgeng`" defaults to launching the current program as a user-mode process on the local system. If there is no current program, this launcher cannot be used. Clearing the Image option will cause this launcher to fail.

Please note on some system configurations, one of the debugger's dependencies `dbghelp.dll` may get loaded from the system directory instead of from the WinDbg installation, usually because a security product has pre-loaded it into the Python process. You might work around this by copying the affected DLLs from your WinDbg installation into your Python installation.

Also worth noting, there are now two local launchers, the original .bat-based launcher and a newer .ps1-based launcher. The powershell launcher is not signed. You must therefore set the current user's execution policy or permissions on the script:

-     Set-ExecutionPolicy -Scope CurrentUser RemoteSigned

- or

-     Unblock-File "Ghidra\Debug\Debugger-agent-dbgeng\data\debugger-launchers\local-dbgeng.ps1"

### Setup

Installing WinDbg is highly recommended. If you wish to forego installing WinDbg, you can use the DLL provided with Windows, which is substantially less capable, by manually pointing this connector to `C:\Windows\system32`. If you do this, some commands, e.g. `.server`, will not be available.

If you have access to PyPI, setting up your Python 3 environment is done using Pip. Please note the version specifier for Protobuf.

-     python3 -m pip install pybag protobuf>=3.20.3

If you are offline, or would like to use our provided packages, we still use Pip, but with a more complicated invocation:

-     cd C:\path\to\ghidra_
      version\Ghidra\Debug
      python3 -m pip install --no-index -f Debugger-rmi-trace\pypkg\dist -f Debugger-agent-dbgeng\pypkg\dist pybag protobuf

If you get an import error regarding `distutils`, it is due to a transitive dependency on a buggy version of `capstone`. Work around it by installing `setuptools`.

### Options

- `python` command: This is the command or path to the Python interpreter. It must be version 3. Python 2 is not supported.
- Image: This is the path to the target binary image (EXE file). Ghidra will try to fill this in based on information gathered when the current program was imported. If the file exists and is executable on the local machine, it will be filled in automatically. Otherwise, it is up to you to locate it. NOTE: If you have patched the current program database, these changes are not applied to the target. You can either 1) apply the same patches to the target once it is running, or 2) export a patched copy of your image and direct this launcher to run it.
- Arguments: These are the command-line arguments to pass into the target process. These are passed as is into WinDbg's "`CreateProcess`" function.
- Use `dbgmodel`: If `dbgmodel.dll` is available on the system, this launcher will use it to populate the trace's object model. Without that DLL, the launcher will invent its own model, roughly approximating the same, using just the information available from `dbgeng.dll`. Disabling this option will prevent the launcher from using `dbgmodel.dll`, even when it is available.
- Path to `dbgeng.dll` directory: By default, the launcher allows the underlying `pybag` package to locate the Windows Debugger DLLs. This is typically found by examining the registry for a Windows Kits 10 installation. Otherwise, it may check its typical installation directory. This will not search the Windows system directory, but you can configure it manually here. This option allows you to override this search. For example, if you have installed WinDbg Preview or later from the Microsoft Store and wish to use its DLLs, you will need to fill in this option.

Once running, you are presented with a command-line interface in Ghidra's Terminal. This CLI accepts your usual WinDbg (kd) commands. You can escape from this CLI and enter a Python 3 REPL by entering "`.exit`". This is not an actual kd command, but our implementation understands this to mean exit the kd REPL. From the Python 3 REPL, you can access the underlying Python-based API `pybag`. This is an uncommon need, but may be useful for diagnostics and/or workarounds. To re-enter the kd REPL, enter "`repl()`". Alternatively, if you are trying to quit, but typed "`.exit`", just type "`quit()`" to terminate the session.

## Extended Local

The "`dbgeng-ext`" launcher extends the base `dbgeng` launcher adding extra options (a la `IDebugClient`'s `CreateProcess2`).

### Options

- Dir: This is the starting directory for the process.
- Env: This is a composite string containg Environment Variable entries delineated by '/0' separators. For example, you could redefine USERNAME and USERPROFILE with the entry "`USERNAME=SomeUser/0USERPROFILE=C:\Users\SomeUser`".
- CreateFlags: Flags used when creating the process, typically either DEBUG_PROCESS(1) or DEBUG_ONLY_THIS_PROCESS(2) if you do not wish to follow spawned processes. Other possible values are defined by processes.h's CreateProcessCreationFlags.
- CreateFlags (Engine): Engine-specific flags used when creating the process (defined in dbgeng.h). Typically, these are set to 0.
- VerifierFlags (Engine): Flags used by the Application Verifier. Typically unused, but, if desired, CreateEngineFlags must include DEBUG_ECREATE_PROCESS_USE_VERIFIER_FLAGS(2).

## Attach

This launcher allows the user to attach to a local running process. Options are the same as those for the base dbgeng, except for ProcessId and AttachFlags

### Options

- ProcessId: The pid of the process you wish to attach to.
- AttachFlags: Flags used when attaching to the target process, typically DEBUG_ATTACH_PROCESS(0). Other possible values are defined in dbgeng.h and determine whether the attach should be invasive or not and the status of the process after attaching.

## Remote

This launcher connects to a remote debugger that has opened a port for remote control.

### Options

- Connection: This is the connection string specifying the transport options for communicating with the remote debugger. A typical example might be "`tcp:port=12345,server=192.168.0.2`" for a debugger that has issued the command

      .server tcp:port=12345

## Remote via SSH

"`ssh-dbgeng`" is the remote equivalent to "`dbgeng`"; "`ssh-dbgeng-attach`" is the remote equivalent to "`dbgeng-attach`".

### Setup

Instructions are identical to those above but executed on the remote machine. Both of these commands are now implemented via powershell, so the same caveats listed above for the local .ps1 launcher apply here, i.e. you will need to set the current user's execution policy or permissions on the script. Separate launchers have also been added for starting the debugger on a remote Windows box from a local Linux machine.

### Additional Options

- ssh command: The ssh command to execute, optionaly with full path.
- [User@]Host: This is the host name of the target system, optionally including a user name. This is passed as is to `ssh`, which may interpret it according to local configuration.
- Remote Trace RMI Port: An available TCP port on the target system, which will listen for dbgeng's Trace RMI connection and forward it back to Ghidra.
- Extra `ssh` arguments: These are extra arguments to pass to `ssh`. They are inserted immediately after the `ssh` command but before the host name. Beware that syntax errors may cause strange behavior, and that not all features may be compatible with this launcher.

## Process Server

The "`dbgeng-svrcx`" launcher extends the base dbgeng launcher adding an option for connecting through a remote process server.

### Options

- Connection: This is the connection string specifying the transport options for communicating with the remote server. A typical example might be "`tcp:port=12345,server=192.168.0.2`" for a process server launched on the machine at 192.168.0.2 using:

      dbgsrv -t tcp:port=12345

## Windows Kernel

This version of the dbgeng should be used for kernel-debugging of a remote machine. Options are the same as the base dbgeng, except for the connection-string arguments. For remote debugging, the target machine should be booted with the appropriate options, set using BCDEDIT or the equivalent, such as:

-     bcdedit /debug ON
      bdcedit /dbgsettings NET HOSTIP:IP PORT:54321 KEY:1.1.1.1

where IP= the address of the machine runing Ghidra.

### Options

- Arguments: This is the connection string specifying the transport options for communicating with the remote target. A typical example might be 'net:port=54321,key=1.1.1.1'.'

- Type: The type of kernel connection, either "Remote", "Local", or "EXDI". "Remote", the most common type, indicates two-machine debugging over various possible connection media, e.g. Ethernet, serial, USB, etc. "Local" is used for limited introspection into the target on which the debugger is running. "EXDI" is arguably the most exotic type - it essentially simulates the normal "Remote" connection using the gdb Remote Serial Protocol. It can be used when connecting to gdbstubs in platforms, such as QEMU, VMWare, Trace32, etc.

### EXDI

Setup for EXDI connections is fairly complicated and difficult to get correct. The argument string typically should be something like:

-     exdi:CLSID={29f9906e-9dbe-4d4b-b0fb-6acf7fb6d014},Kd=Guess,DataBreaks=Exdi

The CLSID here should match the CLSID in the exdiConfigData.xml file in the debugger architectural directory. If windbg has been run using EXDI at some point, there will also be an entry in the System Registry for this CLSID. The InprocServer32 subentry for this CLSID in the Registry should point to a copy of ExdiGdbSrv.dll, typically the one in the same directory. This DLL must reside somewhere that the debugger has permission to load from, i.e. not in the WindowsApps directory tree. The exdiConfigData file should be configured for the target you're using. We heavily recommend using displayCommPackets==yes, as many of the tasks take considerable time, and this is the only indicator of progress.

The Kd=Guess parameter causes the underlying engine to scan memory for the kernel's base address, which will probably not be provided by the gdbstub. (Kd=NtBaseAddr is also a valid option, as is eliminating the parameter, but, currently, we have no idea how to point the configuration at a correct value. Using this option will cause the load to spin pointlessly.) If you can, we highly recommend breaking the target near the base address, as the search proceeds down through memory starting at the current program counter. If the difference between the PC and the base address is large, the loading process will punt before useful values are detected. If anyone understand how to extend this search (or knows how to set the base address to sidestep the scan), we would really love some guidance.

## TTD (Time-Travel Debugging)

This is an extension to our launcher for the Windows Debugger to support TTD. WinDbg TTD uses `event:ticks` to denote its times. This corresponds well to Ghidra's `snapshot:steps` syntax, when we let snapshot be an event and ticks count the number of instruction steps. Upon expanding the "Events" node in the Model tree, we create a snapshot for every TTD event, including thread create/terminate, module load/unload, syscall, and other asynchronous changes. Then, when Ghidra navigates to a schedule of the form `snapshot:steps`, we command WinDbg to navigate to the corresponding `event:ticks` instead of using Ghidra's emulator. Conversely, time navigation from the WinDbg CLI will correspondingly navigate Ghidra. Thus, the two are synchronized in time. We also add reverse variants of the Go and Step control commands.

### Options

This launcher has basically the same options as the WinDbg launcher, except that arguments are not included and the DLL path must contain `TTDReplay.dll` and the scripts that implement TTD. These are most easily obtained by installing WinDbg Preview or later.

### Setup

Depending on how you acquire WinDbg TTD, you may need to copy the installation to a directory Ghidra is allowed to access. It's best not to try cherry-picking files. Just copy/unpack the entire WinDbg installation. Point the launch dialog to the directory containing `dbgeng.dll` as usual.

NOTE: It's possible, especially if you have anti-virus software installed, that `dbghelp.dll` is forcefully loaded into the Python process before our connector package tries to load `dbgeng.dll`. This can cause `dbghelp.dll` to be loaded from `System32`, but `dbgeng.dll` to be loaded from the WinDbg installation, often leading to DLL compatibility problems. This usually manifests in module load and/or Python import errors. The only real way to be sure is to use a system utility and inspect the DLLs loaded by the `python.exe` process. You may be able to work around the issue by copying `dbghelp.dll` (and any other affected WinDbg DLLs) from the WinDbg installation into your Python installation, e.g., `C:\Python313\dbghelp.dll`.