websocket-extensions ↑

A minimal framework that supports the implementation of WebSocket extensions in a way that's decoupled from the main protocol. This library aims to allow a WebSocket extension to be written and used with any protocol library, by defining abstract representations of frames and messages that allow modules to co-operate.

websocket-extensions provides a container for registering extension plugins, and provides all the functions required to negotiate which extensions to use during a session via the Sec-WebSocket-Extensions header. By implementing the APIs defined in this document, an extension may be used by any WebSocket library based on this framework.

Installation ↑

$ gem install websocket-extensions

Usage ↑

There are two main audiences for this library: authors implementing the WebSocket protocol, and authors implementing extensions. End users of a WebSocket library or an extension should be able to use any extension by passing it as an argument to their chosen protocol library, without needing to know how either of them work, or how the websocket-extensions framework operates.

The library is designed with the aim that any protocol implementation and any extension can be used together, so long as they support the same abstract representation of frames and messages.

Data types ↑

The APIs provided by the framework rely on two data types; extensions will expect to be given data and to be able to return data in these formats:

Frame ↑

Frame is a structure representing a single WebSocket frame of any type. Frames are simple objects that must have at least the following properties, which represent the data encoded in the frame:

| property | description | | ———— | —————————————————————— | | final | true if the FIN bit is set, false otherwise | | rsv1 | true if the RSV1 bit is set, false otherwise | | rsv2 | true if the RSV2 bit is set, false otherwise | | rsv3 | true if the RSV3 bit is set, false otherwise | | opcode | the numeric opcode (0, 1, 2, 8, 9, or 10) of the frame | | masked | true if the MASK bit is set, false otherwise | | masking_key | a 4-byte string if masked is true, otherwise nil | | payload | a string containing the (unmasked) application data |

Message ↑

A Message represents a complete application message, which can be formed from text, binary and continuation frames. It has the following properties:

| property | description | | ——– | —————————————————————– | | rsv1 | true if the first frame of the message has the RSV1 bit set | | rsv2 | true if the first frame of the message has the RSV2 bit set | | rsv3 | true if the first frame of the message has the RSV3 bit set | | opcode | the numeric opcode (1 or 2) of the first frame of the message | | data | the concatenation of all the frame payloads in the message |

For driver authors ↑

A driver author is someone implementing the WebSocket protocol proper, and who wishes end users to be able to use WebSocket extensions with their library.

At the start of a WebSocket session, on both the client and the server side, they should begin by creating an extension container and adding whichever extensions they want to use.

require 'websocket/extensions'
require 'permessage_deflate'

exts = WebSocket::Extensions.new
exts.add(PermessageDeflate)

In the following examples, exts refers to this Extensions instance.

Client sessions ↑

Clients will use the methods generate_offer and activate(header).

As part of the handshake process, the client must send a Sec-WebSocket-Extensions header to advertise that it supports the registered extensions. This header should be generated using:

request_headers['Sec-WebSocket-Extensions'] = exts.generate_offer

This returns a string, for example "permessage-deflate; client_max_window_bits", that represents all the extensions the client is offering to use, and their parameters. This string may contain multiple offers for the same extension.

When the client receives the handshake response from the server, it should pass the incoming Sec-WebSocket-Extensions header in to exts to activate the extensions the server has accepted:

exts.activate(response_headers['Sec-WebSocket-Extensions'])

If the server has sent any extension responses that the client does not recognize, or are in conflict with one another for use of RSV bits, or that use invalid parameters for the named extensions, then exts.activate will raise. In this event, the client driver should fail the connection with closing code 1010.

Server sessions ↑

Servers will use the method generate_response(header).

A server session needs to generate a Sec-WebSocket-Extensions header to send in its handshake response:

client_offer = request_env['HTTP_SEC_WEBSOCKET_EXTENSIONS']
ext_response = exts.generate_response(client_offer)

response_headers['Sec-WebSocket-Extensions'] = ext_response

Calling exts.generate_response(header) activates those extensions the client has asked to use, if they are registered, asks each extension for a set of response parameters, and returns a string containing the response parameters for all accepted extensions.

In both directions ↑

Both clients and servers will use the methods valid_frame_rsv(frame), process_incoming_message(message) and process_outgoing_message(message).

The WebSocket protocol requires that frames do not have any of the RSV bits set unless there is an extension in use that allows otherwise. When processing an incoming frame, sessions should pass a Frame object to:

exts.valid_frame_rsv(frame)

If this method returns false, the session should fail the WebSocket connection with closing code 1002.

To pass incoming messages through the extension stack, a session should construct a Message object according to the above datatype definitions, and call:

message = exts.process_incoming_message(message)

If any extensions fail to process the message, then this call will raise an error and the session should fail the WebSocket connection with closing code 1010. Otherwise, message should be passed on to the application.

To pass outgoing messages through the extension stack, a session should construct a Message as before, and call:

message = exts.process_outgoing_message(message)

If any extensions fail to process the message, then this call will raise an error and the session should fail the WebSocket connection with closing code 1010. Otherwise, message should be converted into frames (with the message's rsv1, rsv2, rsv3 and opcode set on the first frame) and written to the transport.

At the end of the WebSocket session (either when the protocol is explicitly ended or the transport connection disconnects), the driver should call:

exts.close

For extension authors ↑

An extension author is someone implementing an extension that transforms WebSocket messages passing between the client and server. They would like to implement their extension once and have it work with any protocol library.

Extension authors will not install websocket-extensions or call it directly. Instead, they should implement the following API to allow their extension to plug into the websocket-extensions framework.

An Extension is any object that has the following properties:

| property | description | | ——– | —————————————————————————- | | name | a string containing the name of the extension as used in negotiation headers | | type | a string, must be "permessage" | | rsv1 | either true if the extension uses the RSV1 bit, false otherwise | | rsv2 | either true if the extension uses the RSV2 bit, false otherwise | | rsv3 | either true if the extension uses the RSV3 bit, false otherwise |

It must also implement the following methods:

ext.create_client_session

This returns a ClientSession, whose interface is defined below.

ext.create_server_session(offers)

This takes an array of offer params and returns a ServerSession, whose interface is defined below. For example, if the client handshake contains the offer header:

Sec-WebSocket-Extensions: permessage-deflate; server_no_context_takeover; server_max_window_bits=8, \
                          permessage-deflate; server_max_window_bits=15

then the permessage-deflate extension will receive the call:

ext.create_server_session([
  { 'server_no_context_takeover' => true, 'server_max_window_bits' => 8 },
  { 'server_max_window_bits' => 15 }
])

The extension must decide which set of parameters it wants to accept, if any, and return a ServerSession if it wants to accept the parameters and nil otherwise.

ClientSession ↑

A ClientSession is the type returned by ext.create_client_session. It must implement the following methods, as well as the Session API listed below.

client_session.generate_offer
# e.g.  -> [
#            { 'server_no_context_takeover' => true, 'server_max_window_bits' => 8 },
#            { 'server_max_window_bits' => 15 }
#          ]

This must return a set of parameters to include in the client's Sec-WebSocket-Extensions offer header. If the session wants to offer multiple configurations, it can return an array of sets of parameters as shown above.

client_session.activate(params) # -> true

This must take a single set of parameters from the server's handshake response and use them to configure the client session. If the client accepts the given parameters, then this method must return true. If it returns any other value, the framework will interpret this as the client rejecting the response, and will raise.

ServerSession ↑

A ServerSession is the type returned by ext.create_server_session(offers). It must implement the following methods, as well as the Session API listed below.

server_session.generate_response
# e.g.  -> { 'server_max_window_bits' => 8 }

This returns the set of parameters the server session wants to send in its Sec-WebSocket-Extensions response header. Only one set of parameters is returned to the client per extension. Server sessions that would confict on their use of RSV bits are not activated.

Session ↑

The Session API must be implemented by both client and server sessions. It contains three methods: process_incoming_message(message) and process_outgoing_message(message).

message = session.process_incoming_message(message)

The session must implement this method to take an incoming Message as defined above, transform it in any way it needs, then return it. If there is an error processing the message, this method should raise an error.

message = session.process_outgoing_message(message)

The session must implement this method to take an outgoing Message as defined above, transform it in any way it needs, then return it. If there is an error processing the message, this method should raise an error.

session.close

The framework will call this method when the WebSocket session ends, allowing the session to release any resources it's using.

Examples ↑