Class ConcurrentHashMap
- java.lang.Object
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- java.util.AbstractMap
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- EDU.oswego.cs.dl.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap
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- All Implemented Interfaces:
java.io.Serializable
,java.lang.Cloneable
,java.util.Map
public class ConcurrentHashMap extends java.util.AbstractMap implements java.util.Map, java.lang.Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
A version of Hashtable supporting concurrency for both retrievals and updates:- Retrievals
- Retrievals may overlap updates. (This is the same policy as
ConcurrentReaderHashMap.) Successful retrievals using get(key) and
containsKey(key) usually run without locking. Unsuccessful
retrievals (i.e., when the key is not present) do involve brief
synchronization (locking). Because retrieval operations can
ordinarily overlap with update operations (i.e., put, remove, and
their derivatives), retrievals can only be guaranteed to return the
results of the most recently completed operations holding
upon their onset. Retrieval operations may or may not return
results reflecting in-progress writing operations. However, the
retrieval operations do always return consistent results -- either
those holding before any single modification or after it, but never
a nonsense result. For aggregate operations such as putAll and
clear, concurrent reads may reflect insertion or removal of only
some entries.
Iterators and Enumerations (i.e., those returned by keySet().iterator(), entrySet().iterator(), values().iterator(), keys(), and elements()) return elements reflecting the state of the hash table at some point at or since the creation of the iterator/enumeration. They will return at most one instance of each element (via next()/nextElement()), but might or might not reflect puts and removes that have been processed since they were created. They do not throw ConcurrentModificationException. However, these iterators are designed to be used by only one thread at a time. Passing an iterator across multiple threads may lead to unpredictable results if the table is being concurrently modified.
- Updates
- This class supports a hard-wired preset concurrency
level of 32. This allows a maximum of 32 put and/or remove
operations to proceed concurrently. This level is an upper bound on
concurrency, not a guarantee, since it interacts with how
well-strewn elements are across bins of the table. (The preset
value in part reflects the fact that even on large multiprocessors,
factors other than synchronization tend to be bottlenecks when more
than 32 threads concurrently attempt updates.)
Additionally, operations triggering internal resizing and clearing
do not execute concurrently with any operation.
There is NOT any support for locking the entire table to prevent updates. This makes it imposssible, for example, to add an element only if it is not already present, since another thread may be in the process of doing the same thing. If you need such capabilities, consider instead using the ConcurrentReaderHashMap class.
This class may be used as a direct replacement for java.util.Hashtable in any application that does not rely on the ability to lock the entire table to prevent updates. As of this writing, it performs much faster than Hashtable in typical multi-threaded applications with multiple readers and writers. Like Hashtable but unlike java.util.HashMap, this class does NOT allow null to be used as a key or value.
Implementation note: A slightly faster implementation of this class will be possible once planned Java Memory Model revisions are in place.
- See Also:
- Serialized Form
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Nested Class Summary
Nested Classes Modifier and Type Class Description protected static class
ConcurrentHashMap.Entry
ConcurrentHashMap collision list entry.protected class
ConcurrentHashMap.HashIterator
protected class
ConcurrentHashMap.KeyIterator
protected static class
ConcurrentHashMap.Segment
Bookkeeping for each concurrency control segment.protected class
ConcurrentHashMap.ValueIterator
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Field Summary
Fields Modifier and Type Field Description protected static int
CONCURRENCY_LEVEL
The number of concurrency control segments.static int
DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY
The default initial number of table slots for this table (32).static float
DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR
The default load factor for this table (0.75) Used when not otherwise specified in constructor.protected java.util.Set
entrySet
protected java.util.Set
keySet
protected float
loadFactor
The load factor for the hash table.protected static int
SEGMENT_MASK
Mask value for indexing into segmentsprotected ConcurrentHashMap.Segment[]
segments
The array of concurrency control segments.protected ConcurrentHashMap.Entry[]
table
The hash table data.protected int
threshold
Per-segment resize threshold.protected java.util.Collection
values
protected int
votesForResize
Number of segments voting for resize.
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Constructor Summary
Constructors Constructor Description ConcurrentHashMap()
Constructs a new, empty map with a default initial capacity and default load factor.ConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacity)
Constructs a new, empty map with the specified initial capacity and default load factor.ConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor)
Constructs a new, empty map with the specified initial capacity and the specified load factor.ConcurrentHashMap(java.util.Map t)
Constructs a new map with the same mappings as the given map.
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Method Summary
All Methods Static Methods Instance Methods Concrete Methods Modifier and Type Method Description protected static int
bitcount(int w)
Return the number of set bits in w.void
clear()
Removes all mappings from this map.java.lang.Object
clone()
Returns a shallow copy of this ConcurrentHashMap instance: the keys and values themselves are not cloned.boolean
contains(java.lang.Object value)
Tests if some key maps into the specified value in this table.boolean
containsKey(java.lang.Object key)
Tests if the specified object is a key in this table.boolean
containsValue(java.lang.Object value)
Returns true if this map maps one or more keys to the specified value.java.util.Enumeration
elements()
Returns an enumeration of the values in this table.java.util.Set
entrySet()
Returns a collection view of the mappings contained in this map.protected boolean
eq(java.lang.Object x, java.lang.Object y)
Check for equality of non-null references x and y.java.lang.Object
get(java.lang.Object key)
Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped in this table.protected static int
hash(java.lang.Object x)
Return hash code for Object x.boolean
isEmpty()
Returns true if this map contains no key-value mappings.java.util.Enumeration
keys()
Returns an enumeration of the keys in this table.java.util.Set
keySet()
Returns a set view of the keys contained in this map.protected ConcurrentHashMap.Entry[]
newTable(int capacity)
Create table array and set the per-segment thresholdjava.lang.Object
put(java.lang.Object key, java.lang.Object value)
Maps the specifiedkey
to the specifiedvalue
in this table.void
putAll(java.util.Map t)
Copies all of the mappings from the specified map to this one.protected void
rehash()
Rehashes the contents of this map into a new table with a larger capacity.java.lang.Object
remove(java.lang.Object key)
Removes the key (and its corresponding value) from this table.protected java.lang.Object
removeCompat(java.lang.Object key, java.lang.Object value)
Removes the (key, value) pair from this table.protected void
resize(int index, ConcurrentHashMap.Entry[] assumedTab)
Gather all locks in order to call rehash, by recursing within synch blocks for each segment index.int
size()
Returns the number of key-value mappings in this map.java.util.Collection
values()
Returns a collection view of the values contained in this map.
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Field Detail
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table
protected transient ConcurrentHashMap.Entry[] table
The hash table data.
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CONCURRENCY_LEVEL
protected static final int CONCURRENCY_LEVEL
The number of concurrency control segments. The value can be at most 32 since ints are used as bitsets over segments. Emprically, it doesn't seem to pay to decrease it either, so the value should be at least 32. In other words, do not redefine this :-)- See Also:
- Constant Field Values
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SEGMENT_MASK
protected static final int SEGMENT_MASK
Mask value for indexing into segments- See Also:
- Constant Field Values
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segments
protected final ConcurrentHashMap.Segment[] segments
The array of concurrency control segments.
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DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY
public static int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY
The default initial number of table slots for this table (32). Used when not otherwise specified in constructor.
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DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR
public static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR
The default load factor for this table (0.75) Used when not otherwise specified in constructor.- See Also:
- Constant Field Values
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loadFactor
protected final float loadFactor
The load factor for the hash table.
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threshold
protected int threshold
Per-segment resize threshold.
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votesForResize
protected transient volatile int votesForResize
Number of segments voting for resize. The table is doubled when 1/4 of the segments reach threshold. Volatile but updated without synch since this is just a heuristic.
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keySet
protected transient java.util.Set keySet
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entrySet
protected transient java.util.Set entrySet
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values
protected transient java.util.Collection values
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Constructor Detail
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ConcurrentHashMap
public ConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor)
Constructs a new, empty map with the specified initial capacity and the specified load factor.- Parameters:
initialCapacity
- the initial capacity. The actual initial capacity is rounded to the nearest power of two.loadFactor
- the load factor threshold, used to control resizing. This value is used in an approximate way: When at least a quarter of the segments of the table reach per-segment threshold, or one of the segments itself exceeds overall threshold, the table is doubled. This will on average cause resizing when the table-wide load factor is slightly less than the threshold. If you'd like to avoid resizing, you can set this to a ridiculously large value.- Throws:
java.lang.IllegalArgumentException
- if the load factor is nonpositive.
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ConcurrentHashMap
public ConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacity)
Constructs a new, empty map with the specified initial capacity and default load factor.- Parameters:
initialCapacity
- the initial capacity of the ConcurrentHashMap.- Throws:
java.lang.IllegalArgumentException
- if the initial maximum number of elements is less than zero.
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ConcurrentHashMap
public ConcurrentHashMap()
Constructs a new, empty map with a default initial capacity and default load factor.
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ConcurrentHashMap
public ConcurrentHashMap(java.util.Map t)
Constructs a new map with the same mappings as the given map. The map is created with a capacity of twice the number of mappings in the given map or 32 (whichever is greater), and a default load factor.
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Method Detail
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bitcount
protected static int bitcount(int w)
Return the number of set bits in w. For a derivation of this algorithm, see "Algorithms and data structures with applications to graphics and geometry", by Jurg Nievergelt and Klaus Hinrichs, Prentice Hall, 1993. See also notes by Torsten Sillke at http://www.mathematik.uni-bielefeld.de/~sillke/PROBLEMS/bitcount
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hash
protected static int hash(java.lang.Object x)
Return hash code for Object x. Since we are using power-of-two tables, it is worth the effort to improve hashcode via the same multiplicative scheme as used in IdentityHashMap.
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eq
protected boolean eq(java.lang.Object x, java.lang.Object y)
Check for equality of non-null references x and y.
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newTable
protected ConcurrentHashMap.Entry[] newTable(int capacity)
Create table array and set the per-segment threshold
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size
public int size()
Returns the number of key-value mappings in this map.- Specified by:
size
in interfacejava.util.Map
- Overrides:
size
in classjava.util.AbstractMap
- Returns:
- the number of key-value mappings in this map.
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isEmpty
public boolean isEmpty()
Returns true if this map contains no key-value mappings.- Specified by:
isEmpty
in interfacejava.util.Map
- Overrides:
isEmpty
in classjava.util.AbstractMap
- Returns:
- true if this map contains no key-value mappings.
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get
public java.lang.Object get(java.lang.Object key)
Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped in this table.- Specified by:
get
in interfacejava.util.Map
- Overrides:
get
in classjava.util.AbstractMap
- Parameters:
key
- a key in the table.- Returns:
- the value to which the key is mapped in this table;
null
if the key is not mapped to any value in this table. - Throws:
java.lang.NullPointerException
- if the key isnull
.- See Also:
put(Object, Object)
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containsKey
public boolean containsKey(java.lang.Object key)
Tests if the specified object is a key in this table.- Specified by:
containsKey
in interfacejava.util.Map
- Overrides:
containsKey
in classjava.util.AbstractMap
- Parameters:
key
- possible key.- Returns:
true
if and only if the specified object is a key in this table, as determined by the equals method;false
otherwise.- Throws:
java.lang.NullPointerException
- if the key isnull
.- See Also:
contains(Object)
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put
public java.lang.Object put(java.lang.Object key, java.lang.Object value)
Maps the specifiedkey
to the specifiedvalue
in this table. Neither the key nor the value can benull
. (Note that this policy is the same as for java.util.Hashtable, but unlike java.util.HashMap, which does accept nulls as valid keys and values.)The value can be retrieved by calling the
get
method with a key that is equal to the original key.- Specified by:
put
in interfacejava.util.Map
- Overrides:
put
in classjava.util.AbstractMap
- Parameters:
key
- the table key.value
- the value.- Returns:
- the previous value of the specified key in this table,
or
null
if it did not have one. - Throws:
java.lang.NullPointerException
- if the key or value isnull
.- See Also:
Object.equals(Object)
,get(Object)
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resize
protected void resize(int index, ConcurrentHashMap.Entry[] assumedTab)
Gather all locks in order to call rehash, by recursing within synch blocks for each segment index.- Parameters:
index
- the current segment. initially call value must be 0assumedTab
- the state of table on first call to resize. If this changes on any call, the attempt is aborted because the table has already been resized by another thread.
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rehash
protected void rehash()
Rehashes the contents of this map into a new table with a larger capacity.
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remove
public java.lang.Object remove(java.lang.Object key)
Removes the key (and its corresponding value) from this table. This method does nothing if the key is not in the table.- Specified by:
remove
in interfacejava.util.Map
- Overrides:
remove
in classjava.util.AbstractMap
- Parameters:
key
- the key that needs to be removed.- Returns:
- the value to which the key had been mapped in this table,
or
null
if the key did not have a mapping. - Throws:
java.lang.NullPointerException
- if the key isnull
.
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removeCompat
protected java.lang.Object removeCompat(java.lang.Object key, java.lang.Object value)
Removes the (key, value) pair from this table. This method does nothing if the key is not in the table, or if the key is associated with a different value. This method is needed by EntrySet.- Parameters:
key
- the key that needs to be removed.value
- the associated value. If the value is null, it means "any value".- Returns:
- the value to which the key had been mapped in this table,
or
null
if the key did not have a mapping. - Throws:
java.lang.NullPointerException
- if the key isnull
.
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containsValue
public boolean containsValue(java.lang.Object value)
Returns true if this map maps one or more keys to the specified value. Note: This method requires a full internal traversal of the hash table, and so is much slower than method containsKey.- Specified by:
containsValue
in interfacejava.util.Map
- Overrides:
containsValue
in classjava.util.AbstractMap
- Parameters:
value
- value whose presence in this map is to be tested.- Returns:
- true if this map maps one or more keys to the specified value.
- Throws:
java.lang.NullPointerException
- if the value isnull
.
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contains
public boolean contains(java.lang.Object value)
Tests if some key maps into the specified value in this table. This operation is more expensive than thecontainsKey
method.Note that this method is identical in functionality to containsValue, (which is part of the Map interface in the collections framework).
- Parameters:
value
- a value to search for.- Returns:
true
if and only if some key maps to thevalue
argument in this table as determined by the equals method;false
otherwise.- Throws:
java.lang.NullPointerException
- if the value isnull
.- See Also:
containsKey(Object)
,containsValue(Object)
,Map
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putAll
public void putAll(java.util.Map t)
Copies all of the mappings from the specified map to this one. These mappings replace any mappings that this map had for any of the keys currently in the specified Map.- Specified by:
putAll
in interfacejava.util.Map
- Overrides:
putAll
in classjava.util.AbstractMap
- Parameters:
t
- Mappings to be stored in this map.
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clear
public void clear()
Removes all mappings from this map.- Specified by:
clear
in interfacejava.util.Map
- Overrides:
clear
in classjava.util.AbstractMap
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clone
public java.lang.Object clone()
Returns a shallow copy of this ConcurrentHashMap instance: the keys and values themselves are not cloned.- Overrides:
clone
in classjava.util.AbstractMap
- Returns:
- a shallow copy of this map.
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keySet
public java.util.Set keySet()
Returns a set view of the keys contained in this map. The set is backed by the map, so changes to the map are reflected in the set, and vice-versa. The set supports element removal, which removes the corresponding mapping from this map, via the Iterator.remove, Set.remove, removeAll, retainAll, and clear operations. It does not support the add or addAll operations.- Specified by:
keySet
in interfacejava.util.Map
- Overrides:
keySet
in classjava.util.AbstractMap
- Returns:
- a set view of the keys contained in this map.
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values
public java.util.Collection values()
Returns a collection view of the values contained in this map. The collection is backed by the map, so changes to the map are reflected in the collection, and vice-versa. The collection supports element removal, which removes the corresponding mapping from this map, via the Iterator.remove, Collection.remove, removeAll, retainAll, and clear operations. It does not support the add or addAll operations.- Specified by:
values
in interfacejava.util.Map
- Overrides:
values
in classjava.util.AbstractMap
- Returns:
- a collection view of the values contained in this map.
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entrySet
public java.util.Set entrySet()
Returns a collection view of the mappings contained in this map. Each element in the returned collection is a Map.Entry. The collection is backed by the map, so changes to the map are reflected in the collection, and vice-versa. The collection supports element removal, which removes the corresponding mapping from the map, via the Iterator.remove, Collection.remove, removeAll, retainAll, and clear operations. It does not support the add or addAll operations.- Specified by:
entrySet
in interfacejava.util.Map
- Specified by:
entrySet
in classjava.util.AbstractMap
- Returns:
- a collection view of the mappings contained in this map.
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keys
public java.util.Enumeration keys()
Returns an enumeration of the keys in this table.- Returns:
- an enumeration of the keys in this table.
- See Also:
Enumeration
,elements()
,keySet()
,Map
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